[qwiz style=”width: auto !important; min-height: auto !important; border-width: 4px !important; border-color: #0099cc !important; ” align=”center”]

[h] Biochemistry Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ………. is a relatively nontoxic substance, is the major carrier of excess nitrogen from tissues.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdsdXRhbWluZS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] In the liver, alanine is transaminated by alanine aminotransferase to pyruvate with the amino group being transferred to α-ketoglutarate to form glutamate. Almost all aminotransferase enzymes use ……… as the amino group acceptor.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGFscGhhLWtldG9nbHV0YXJhdGUu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. is required to mediate the transamination reaction in the liver.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFB5cmlkb3hhbCBwaG9zcGhhdGUgKFBMUCkgZGVyaXZlZCBmcm9tIHZpdGFtaW4gQjYu[Qq]

[q] Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS) require the presence of ………., a molecule formed by NAGS, as this molecule acts as an allosteric activator of CPS.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE4tYWNldHlsZ2x1dGFtYXRlIChOQUcpLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Carbamoyl phosphate then combines with ornithine to form citrulline in a reaction catalyzed by ………. in the mitochondrial matrix.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG9ybml0aGluZSB0cmFuc2NhcmJhbW95bGFzZSAoT1RDKS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

8 years old male child presenting with episodes of vomiting, confusion/coma, asterixis and tachypnea + elevated blood glutamine, and decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) + ↑ orotic acid in blood and urine?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE9ybml0aGluZSB0cmFuc2NhcmJhbXlsYXNlIGRlZmljaWVuY3ku[Qq]

[q]  Hyperammonemia cause Hepatic encephalopathy due to ……..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]

Cg==

MS4gRGVwbGV0aW9uIG9mIM6xLWtldG9nbHV0YXJhdGUsIGNhdXNpbmcgaW5oaWJpdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgS3JlYnMgY3ljbGUu

Cg==

[Qq]

2. Excess ammonia also depletes glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, and causes accumulation of glutamine, resulting in astrocyte swelling and dysfunction.

3. Hyperammonemia increases the conversion of glutamate into glutamine by glutamine synthetase within astrocytes. The resulting increase in glutamine leads to hyperosmolarity and mitochondrial dysfunction, causing astrocytic swelling and impairment.

[q] ……… and ……… Ketogenic amino acids.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExldWNpbmUgYW5kIEx5c2luZS4=[Qq]

[q] Arginine, histidine, and lysine are (acidic or basic) amino acids.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGJhc2ljLg==[Qq]

[q] Primary structure of proteins is the sequence of amino acids linked by ……… bonds.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNvdmFsZW50IHBlcHRpZGUu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Proteins may also assume a secondary structure, such as the alpha-helix or beta-sheet. ………… are the principal stabilizing force for the secondary structure of proteins.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEh5ZHJvZ2VuIGJvbmRzLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] The catecholamine contents of the normal human adrenal medulla are approximately 80% epinephrine and 20% as norepinephrine. This epinephrine-heavy ratio is due to the positive effect of ………….. on the expression of the enzyme PNMT, which converts norepinephrine to epinephrine.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNvcnRpc29sLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

4 years old patient presenting with intellectual disability, growth retardation, seizures, blue eyes, fair complexion, eczema, musty body odor?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBoZW55bGtldG9udXJpYSBkdWXCoHRvIOKGkyBwaGVueWxhbGFuaW5lIGh5ZHJveHlsYXNlIG9yIOKGkyB0ZXRyYWh5ZHJvYmlvcHRlcmluIChCSDQpIGNvZmFjdG9yIChhdHlwaWNhbCBvciBtYWxpZ25hbnQgcGhlbnlsa2V0b251cmlhKS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is a non-essential amino acid that becomes essential in the setting of phenylketonuria (PKU).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFR5cm9zaW5lLg==[Qq]

[q] Patients with malignant phenylketonuria have increased prolactin levels due to ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERlY3JlYXNlZCBCSDQgY2F1c2VzIGxvd2VyIGxldmVscyBvZiBkb3BhbWluZS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

3 months old child with his mother presenting with vomiting, poor feeding, urine smells like burnt sugar while changing the diapers?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1hcGxlIHN5cnVwIHVyaW5lIGRpc2Vhc2Uu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Some patients with MSUD improve with ………….. treatment, but most still require lifelong dietary restrictions.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGhpZ2gtZG9zZSB0aGlhbWluZS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

3 years old child with his mother presenting with motion restriction, and significant pain, Bluish-black ear cartilage, and sclerae + urine turns black on prolonged exposure to air?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFsa2FwdG9udXJpYS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Alkaptonuria is an autosomal-recessive disorder in which deficiency of homogentisate oxidase blocks the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine at the level of homogentisic acid, thereby preventing the conversion of ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHR5cm9zaW5lIHRvIGZ1bWFyYXRlLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

25 years old patient presenting with tall long extremities, long tapering fingers, pectus exacavatum, downward and inward lens subluxation, with a previous history of MI?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEhPTU9DWXN0aW51cmlhOg==
CiYjODIxMTsg4oaR4oaRIEhvbW9jeXN0ZWluZSBpbiB1cmluZSwgT3N0ZW9wb3Jvc2lzLCBNYXJmYW5vaWQgaGFiaXR1cywgT2N1bGFyIGNoYW5nZXMgKGRvd253YXJkIGFuZCBpbndhcmQgbGVucyBzdWJsdXhhdGlvbiksIENhcmRpb3Zhc2N1bGFyIGVmZmVjdHMgKHRocm9tYm9zaXMgYW5kIGF0aGVyb3NjbGVyb3NpcyDihpIgc3Ryb2tlIGFuZCBNSSksIGtZcGhvc2lzLCBpbnRlbGxlY3R1YWwgZGlzYWJpbGl0eS4=

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……. becomes an essential amino acid in patients with homocystinuria.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEN5c3RlaW5lLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Many patients with Homocystinuria respond dramatically to ……….. supplementation, which improves residual enzymatic activity and reduces plasma homocysteine levels.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHB5cmlkb3hpbmUgKEI2KS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] If a patient is instructed to consume 3000 Cal per day, 900 (30%) of which are to be from protein. Because 1 g of protein yields 4 Cal of energy, this patient should consume (900 Cal /4 Cal) = …….. g/day of protein.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDIyNS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

3 years old child presenting with hypochromic megaloblastic anemia (not responsive to treatment with vitamin B12, folic acid, or iron), neurologic abnormalities, growth retardation and excretion of high amounts of orotic acid in the urine?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE9yb3RpYyBhY2lkdXJpYS4=

Cg==

Cg==

VGhlIGRlZmVjdGl2ZSBlbnp5bWVzIGluIG9yb3RpYyBhY2lkdXJpYSBhcmUgb3JvdGF0ZSBwaG9zcGhvcmlib3N5bCB0cmFuc2ZlcmFzZSBhbmQgT01QIGRlY2FyYm94eWxhc2UuIFRoZXNlIHR3byBlbnp5bWVzIHJlcHJlc2VudCBzZXBhcmF0ZSBhY3RpdmUgZG9tYWlucyBvbiBhIHNpbmdsZSBwb2x5cGVwdGlkZTsgdGhpcyBpcyB3aHkgYSBzaW5nbGUgbXV0YXRpb24gY2F1c2VzIGR5c2Z1bmN0aW9uIG9mIGJvdGggZW56eW1lcy4=

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

3 years old child presenting with intellectual disability, compulsive self-mutilation, aggression, hyperuricemia (orange “sand” [sodium urate crystals] in diaper), gout, dystonia?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExlc2NoLU55aGFuIHN5bmRyb21lLsKgRGVmZWN0aXZlIHB1cmluZSBzYWx2YWdlIGR1ZSB0byBhYnNlbnQgSEdQUlQsIHdoaWNoIGNvbnZlcnRzIGh5cG94YW50aGluZSB0byBJTVAgYW5kIGd1YW5pbmUgdG8gR01QLiBYLWxpbmtlZCByZWNlc3NpdmUu

Cg==

74KnIEhHUFJUOg==
CiYjODIxMTsgSHlwZXJ1cmljZW1pYSwgR291dC4=
CiYjODIxMTsgUGlzc2VkIG9mZiAoYWdncmVzc2lvbiwgc2VsZi1tdXRpbGF0aW9uKS4=
[Qq] – Retardation (intellectual disability).
– DysTonia.

[q] …………. is a cofactor for several dehydrogenase enzyme reactions including:
o Pyruvate dehydrogenase (links glycolysis to TCA cycle).
o α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle).
o Branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase.
o Transketolase (HMP shunt).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoaWFtaW5lIHB5cm9waG9zcGhhdGUgKFRQUCku[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old alcoholic patient presenting with symmetrical peripheral neuropathy, cardiomegaly, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, peripheral edema, tachycardia?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFdldCBiZXJpYmVyaS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old alcoholic patient presenting with confusion, ophthalmoplegia, ataxia + memory loss (permanent), confabulation, personality change + hemorrhagic necrosis of mammillary bodies?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]ICYjODIxMTsgV2Vybmlja2UtS29yc2Frb2ZmIHN5bmRyb21lIChkdWUgdG8gZGVmZWN0aXZlIGJpbmRpbmcgb2YgdHJhbnNrZXRvbGFzZSB3aXRoIHRoaWFtaW5lKS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] FAD is an electron carrier in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and serves as a cofactor for …………, which is an enzyme that mediates the conversion of succinate into fumarate.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHN1Y2NpbmF0ZSBkZWh5ZHJvZ2VuYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] Dermatitis, glossitis (swelling and redness of the tongue), and Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth), Corneal vascularization (new blood vessels growth in cornea that can cause vision problems) are characteristic for ………. deficiency.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZpdGFtaW4gQjIgKHJpYm9mbGF2aW4pLg==[Qq]

[q] Vitamin ………. is constituent of NAD, NADP (used in redox reactions), also used to treat dyslipidemia; lowers levels of VLDL and raises levels of HDL.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZpdGFtaW4gQjMgKE5pYWNpbiku[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

30 years old patient presenting with bilateral and symmetric roughened, thickened, and scaly skin on the sun-exposed areas of the body, diarrhea, dementia?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHBlbGxhZ3JhIGR1ZSB0byBWaXRhbWluIEIzIGRlZmljaWVuY3ku[Qq]

 

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

17 years old patient presenting with bilateral and symmetric roughened, thickened, and scaly skin on the sun-exposed areas of the body, diarrhea + aminoaciduria, restricted to the neutral amino acids?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEhhcnRudXAgZGlzZWFzZS4=

Cg==

74KnIFRyZWF0bWVudCB3aXRoIG5pY290aW5pYyBhY2lkIG9yIG5pY290aW5hbWlkZSBhbmQgYSBoaWdoLXByb3RlaW4gZGlldCBnZW5lcmFsbHkgcmVzdWx0cyBpbiBzaWduaWZpY2FudCBpbXByb3ZlbWVudCBvZiBzeW1wdG9tcy4=[Qq]

[q] Vitamin …….. is converted to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), a cofactor used in transamination (ALT and AST), decarboxylation reactions, glycogen phosphorylase. Its deficiency leads to peripheral neuropathy (deficiency inducible by isoniazid and oral contraceptives), sideroblastic anemias (due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and iron excess).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEI2Lg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. is a cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (which add a 1-carbon group):
o Pyruvate carboxylase: pyruvate (3C) → oxaloacetate (4C).

o Acetyl-CoA carboxylase: acetyl-CoA (2C) → malonyl-CoA (3C).

o Propionyl-CoA carboxylase: propionyl-CoA (3C) → methylmalonyl-CoA (4C).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJpb3RpbiAoVml0YW1pbiBCNyku[Qq]

[q] Excessive ingestion of raw egg whites can lead to deficiency of ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJpb3RpbiAoZHVlIHRvIHRoZSBoaWdoIGxldmVscyBvZiBiaW90aW4tYmluZGluZyBhdmlkaW4gaW4gZWdnIHdoaXRlcyBwcmV2ZW50aW5nIGl0cyBhYnNvcnB0aW9uKS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

45 years old female presenting with macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia; hypersegmented polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs); glossitis + Labs show ↑ homocysteine, normal methylmalonic acid levels?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZpdGFtaW4gQjkgKGZvbGljIGFjaWQgZGVmaWNpZW5jeSku[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

45 years old female who is strict vegetarian for years presenting with macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia; hypersegmented polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs); glossitis, paresthesias, and burning sensation of the extremities + Labs show ↑ homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZpdGFtaW4gQjEyIGRlZmljaWVuY3ku

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

65 years old female who lives alone presenting with gum swelling, loosening of the teeth, and periodontal infection, bruising, petechiae, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, “corkscrew hair” + delayed wound healing and Weakened immune response?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZpdGFtaW4gQyBkZWZpY2llbmN5Lg==[Qq]

[q] ⊝ pregnancy test and two forms of contraception are required before ……….. is prescribed.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGlzb3RyZXRpbm9pbiAodml0YW1pbiBBIGRlcml2YXRpdmUpLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

4 years old child presenting with malnutrition, swollen abdomen, fatty liver, hyperkeratosis, dyspigmentation?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEt3YXNoaW9ya29yLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is an antidote For Overdoses of Methanol or Ethylene glycol.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZPTUVwaXpvbGUu[Qq]

[q] ………. inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acetaldehyde accumulates, contributing to hangover symptoms), discouraging drinking.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERpc3VsZmlyYW0u[Qq]

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