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[h] Biochemistry Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ………. occurs during the S-phase (synthesis phase) of the cell cycle.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEROQSByZXBsaWNhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q] In DNA replication, The template strand is scanned in the ……. direction and the newly synthesized strand is made in the …… direction.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDPigLLihpI14oCyLCA14oCy4oaSM+KAsi4=[Qq]

[q] The substrates for DNA synthesis are the …….., whereas the substrates for RNA synthesis are the ………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGROVFBzLCBOVFBzLg==[Qq]

[q] ……. contains thymine, whereas …….. contains uracil.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEROQSwgUk5BLg==[Qq]

[q] DNA polymerases require a …….., whereas RNA polymerases do not.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHByaW1lci4=[Qq]

[q] DNA polymerases can correct mistakes (“proofreading”), whereas RNA polymerases cannot. DNA polymerases have ……. exonuclease activity for proofreading.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDPigLIg4oaSIDXigLIu[Qq]

[q] …….. is a particular consensus sequence of base pairs in genome where DNA replication begins. May be single (prokaryotes) or multiple (eukaryotes).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE9yaWdpbiBvZiByZXBsaWNhdGlvbi4=

[q] ………. is a Y-shaped region along DNA template where leading and lagging strands are synthesized.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJlcGxpY2F0aW9uIGZvcmsu

[q] …….. unwinds DNA template at replication fork.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEhlbGljYXNlLg==

[q] ………. bind to the ssDNA and stabilize it, preventing premature reannealing of the ssDNA to dsDNA.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNpbmdsZS1zdHJhbmRlZCBiaW5kaW5nIHByb3RlaW5zLg==

[q] ……….. create a single- or double-stranded break in the helix to relieve supercoiling tension of the dsDNA strand caused by the unwinding action of helicase.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEROQSB0b3BvaXNvbWVyYXNlcy4=

[q] ……….. inhibit eukaryotic topoisomerase I.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElyaW5vdGVjYW4vdG9wb3RlY2FuLg==

[q] ……… inhibit eukaryotic topoisomerase II.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEV0b3Bvc2lkZS90ZW5pcG9zaWRlLg==

[q] ………. inhibit prokaryotic topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZsdW9yb3F1aW5vbG9uZXMu

[q] ……… is A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which makes an RNA primer on which DNA polymerase III can initiate replication.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]UHJpbWFzZS4=

[q] DNA polymerase III has 5′ → 3′ synthesis and proofreads with …….. exonuclease activity.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDPigLIg4oaSIDXigLIu

[q] ……….. degrades RNA primer; replaces it with DNA.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEROQSBwb2x5bWVyYXNlIEku[Qq]

[q] …….. Joins Okazaki fragments by Catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond within a strand of double-stranded DNA.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEROQSBsaWdhc2Uu

[q] ……… is An RNA-dependent DNA polymerase that adds DNA to 3′ ends of chromosomes to avoid loss of genetic material with every duplication.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRlbG9tZXJhc2Uu

[q] ………. is a type of mutation that result from codon base substitutions which code for the same amino acid.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNpbGVudCBtdXRhdGlvbnMu[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of mutation characterized by base substitutions that result in the placement of an incorrect amino acid in a protein sequence.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1pc3NlbnNlIG11dGF0aW9ucy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of mutation that introduces a stop codon within gene sequences, resulting in the formation of shorter, truncated proteins.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vbnNlbnNlIG11dGF0aW9ucy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of mutation characterized by mutation at a splice site –> retained intron in the mRNA –> larger protein with impaired or altered function.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNwbGljZSBzaXRlIG11dGF0aW9ucy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of mutation that result from deletion or insertion of bases that are not a multiple of Three. It is characterized by alteration of the reading frame of the genetic code, resulting in the formation of non-functional proteins.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZyYW1lc2hpZnQgbXV0YXRpb25zLg==[Qq]

[q] ……… is defective in xeroderma pigmentosum, which prevents repair of pyrimidine dimers that are formed as a result of ultraviolet light exposure.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE51Y2xlb3RpZGUgZXhjaXNpb24gcmVwYWlyLg==

[q] ………. is important in repair of spontaneous/toxic deamination by Base-specific Glycosylase removes altered base and creates AP site (apurinic/apyrimidinic), AP-Endonuclease, which cleaves the 5′ end. Lyase cleaves the 3′ end. DNA Polymerase-β fills the gap and DNA Ligase seals it.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJhc2UgZXhjaXNpb24gcmVwYWlyLg==

[q] …………. is defective in Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer [HNPCC]).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1pc21hdGNoIHJlcGFpci4=[Qq]

[q] …….. brings together 2 ends of DNA fragments to repair double-stranded breaks. Some DNA may be lost. Defective in ataxia telangiectasia.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vbmhvbW9sb2dvdXMgZW5kIGpvaW5pbmcu[Qq]

[q] ……. Restores duplexes accurately without loss of nucleotides. A strand from the damaged dsDNA is repaired using a complementary strand from the intact homologous dsDNA as a template. Defective in breast/ovarian cancers with BRCA1 mutation and Fanconi anemia.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEhvbW9sb2dvdXMgcmVjb21iaW5hdGlvbi4=[Qq]

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