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[h] Cardiovascular System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ……………… is the most common form of cardiomyopathy. Often idiopathic or familial (due to mutation of TTN gene encoding the sarcomeric protein titin) and results in systolic dysfunction.

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[q] ………………. is the most common cause of ventricular fibrillation (VF) or ventricular tachycardia that deteriorates to VF in individuals younger than 30 and the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in a young athlete.

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[f]IEh5cGVydHJvcGhpYyBvYnN0cnVjdGl2ZSBjYXJkaW9teW9wYXRoeSAoSE9DTSku

[q] Almost all cases of HCM are thought to be due to single point missense mutations in the genes for …………..?

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[f]IGJldGEtbXlvc2luIGhlYXZ5IGNoYWluIGFuZCBteW9zaW4gYmluZGluZyBwcm90ZWluIEMu

[q] Extreme myofiber disarray with interstitial fibrosis on cardiac histology strongly suggests ………..?

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[f]IGh5cGVydHJvcGhpYyBjYXJkaW9teW9wYXRoeSAoSENNKS4=

[q] Why use of β-blocker or non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers (verapamil) is helpful in Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)?

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[f]IFRoZXkgZGVjcmVhc2UgaGVhcnQgcmF0ZSBhbmQgTFYgY29udHJhY3RpbGl0eSB0byBpbmNyZWFzZSBMViBibG9vZCB2b2x1bWUsIHJlZHVjZSBMViBvdXRmbG93IHRyYWN0IG9ic3RydWN0aW9uLCBhbmQgaW1wcm92ZSBzeW1wdG9tcy4=[Qq]

[q] ………… is decreased compliance of the ventricular endomyocardium that restricts filling during diastole due to postradiation fibrosis, Löffler endocarditis, Endocardial fibroelastosis, Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis,  or Hemochromatosis.

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[f]IFJlc3RyaWN0aXZlL2luZmlsdHJhdGl2ZSBjYXJkaW9teW9wYXRoeS4=[Qq]

[q] ……………. is due to chronic elevation of ventricular pressures during systole, which is usually caused by long-standing hypertension or aortic stenosis (increased LV afterload).

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[f]IENvbmNlbnRyaWMgaHlwZXJ0cm9waHku

[q] …………. results from the addition of myocardial contractile fibers in series in response to chronic volume overload. Common causes include dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, and chronic aortic or mitral valve regurgitation.

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[q] ………………… is characterized by hypokinesis of the mid and apical segments and hyperkinesis of the basal segments of the left ventricle, resulting in systolic dysfunction and reduced ejection fraction likely caused by a surge of catecholamines in the setting of physical or emotional stress in postmenopausal women

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[f]IFN0cmVzcy1pbmR1Y2VkICh0YWtvdHN1Ym8pIGNhcmRpb215b3BhdGh5Lg==

[q] Supine dyspnea that is relieved by sitting up, known as orthopnea, is a relatively specific sign of ………….?

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

65 years old patient with history of hypertension, DM presenting with dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, and lung crackles + Echocardiography shows ejection fraction= 30?

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[q] Small, congested capillaries in Left-sided heart failure may burst, leading to intraalveolar hemorrhage and the iron from hemoglobin is converted to hemosiderin; marked by hemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart-failure cells) which can be stained by …………..?

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[q] The most common cause of right heart failure is ………………….. Usually present with jugular venous distension, painful hepatosplenomegaly with characteristic ‘nutmeg’ liver, and dependent pitting edema?

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[q] Decreased perfusion of peripheral tissues in heart failure induces a number of neuroendocrine compensatory mechanisms like ………………….. and …………… which exacerbate heart failure by making it more difficult for the failing heart to pump blood to the tissues

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[q] Prominent pulmonary vessels, patchy bilateral airspace opacities (red arrows), blunting of the costophrenic angles (pleural effusions [yellow arrows]), and a fissure sign (created by fluid trapped between the right upper and middle lobe [blue arrow]) are consistent with …………?

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[f]IEFjdXRlIHB1bG1vbmFyeSBlZGVtYSBkdWUgdG8gZGVjb21wZW5zYXRlZCBoZWFydCBmYWlsdXJlLg==[Qq]

[f]IEFjdXRlIHB1bG1vbmFyeSBlZGVtYSBkdWUgdG8gZGVjb21wZW5zYXRlZCBoZWFydCBmYWlsdXJlLg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is caused by hemorrhage, dehydration, burns and is characterised by Cold, clammy skin, ↓↓ PCWP (Preload), ↓ CO, ↑ SVR (Afterload) and is treated with IV fluids.

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[q] ………… is caused by Acute MI, HF, valvular dysfunction, arrhythmia
and is characterised by Cold, clammy skin, ↑ PCWP (Preload), ↓ CO, ↑ SVR (Afterload) and is treated with Inotropes, diuresis.

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[q] ………… is caused by cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism, Tension pneumothorax and is characterised by Cold, clammy skin, ↓ PCWP (Preload), ↓ CO, ↑ SVR (Afterload) and is treated with relieving the obstruction.

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[q] ……….. is caused by sepsis, anaphylaxis and is characterised by warm skin, ↓ PCWP (Preload), ↑ CO, ↓ SVR (Afterload) and is treated with relieving the obstruction.

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[f]IERpc3RyaWJ1dGl2ZSAoU2VwdGljKSBzaG9jay4=

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