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[h] Cardiovascular System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] The right border of the heart is formed by ……….?

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[Qq] 

 

[q] The left border of the heart is formed by ……….?

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[f]IGxlZnQgdmVudHJpY2xlLg==

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[Qq]

[q] The anterior (sternocostal) surface is formed primarily by the ……..?

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[Qq]

[q] The posterior surface of the heart is formed primarily by …..?

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[q] The inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart is formed primarily by ……….?

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[q] The apex of the heart is the tip of the left ventricle and is found in ……..?

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[q] Left atrium, atrial septum, and mitral valve can be particularly well visualized on TEE if we make the probe face …….., but clear visualization of the descending aorta by transesophageal echocardiography can be done if the probe was rotated so that it faces ……….., allowing for the detection of abnormalities such as dissection or aneurysm.

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[q] Conditions that result in ……… can cause dysphagia through external compression of the esophagus or hoarseness (due to compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus).

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[f]IGxlZnQgYXRyaWFsIGVubGFyZ2VtZW50IChhdHJpYWwgZmlicmlsbGF0aW9uLCBtaXRyYWwgc3Rlbm9zaXMpLg==

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Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……… is the serous sac covering the heart and is the only one of the 3 serous membranes that has 3 layers (an outer fibrous layer and a double-layered parietal and visceral serous layers).

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[q] A pericardiocentesis is performed with a needle at ……… through the cardiac notch of the left lung to remove the fluid.

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[q] Superficial Penetrating injury involving the fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line would most likely injure ……..?. Penetration of the left lung at this location could lead to injury of ……… as well, if the wound were deep enough.

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[f]IHRoZSBsZWZ0IGx1bmcsIHRoZSBhcGV4IG9mIHRoZSBoZWFydCAobGVmdCB2ZW50cmljbGUpLg==

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[q] A penetrating injury at the left sternal border in the fourth intercostal space along the left sternal border will injure the …..?

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[f]IFJpZ2h0IHZlbnRyaWN1bGFyIG15b2NhcmRpdW0uIFRoZSBsZWZ0IGx1bmcgd291bGQgbm90IGJlIHB1bmN0dXJlZCBieSBhIHN0YWIgd291bmQgaW4gdGhpcyBsb2NhdGlvbiBiZWNhdXNlIHRoZXJlIGlzIG5vIG1pZGRsZSBsb2JlIG9uIHRoZSBsZWZ0IHNpZGUsIGFuZCB0aGUgc3VwZXJpb3IgbG9iZSBvZiB0aGUgbGVmdCBsdW5nIGlzIGRpc3BsYWNlZCBsYXRlcmFsbHkgYnkgdGhlIGNhcmRpYWMgaW1wcmVzc2lvbi4=

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[q] A motor vehicle accident with sudden deceleration can cause different rates of deceleration between the heart (in a fixed position) and the aorta. The most common site of injury is ……, which is the connection between the ascending and descending aorta distal to where the left subclavian artery branches off the aorta.

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[q] The blood supply to the myocardium is provided by branches of the right and left coronary arteries. These 2 arteries are the only branches of …….?

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[q] Blood flow enters the coronary arteries during (diastole or systole)?

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[q] ………. is the terminal distribution of the right coronary artery and courses in the posterior interventricular sulcus to supply parts of the right and left ventricles and, importantly, the posterior third of the interventricular septum. It also supplies most of the inferior wall of the left ventricle, which forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart. It also supplies blood to the atrioventricular (AV) node via the AV nodal artery (dependent on dominance):

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[q] ……… is a branch of Left main coronary artery and descends in the anterior interventricular sulcus and provides branches to the anterior left ventricle wall, anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum, bundle of His, and apex.

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[q] …….. is a branch of Left main coronary artery and courses around the left border of the heart in the coronary sulcus and supplies the left border of the heart and ends on the posterior aspect of the left ventricle and supplies the posterior-inferior left ventricular wall.

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[q] Coronary dominance is determined by the coronary artery supplying ……….?

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[q] Because the AV nodal artery usually arises from the posterior descending artery (dependent on dominance), in case of AV nodal artery atherosclerotic occlusion:
– In left dominant coronary circulation: the atherosclerotic lesion is most likely in ……..?
– In right dominant coronary circulation: the atherosclerotic lesion is most likely in ………..?

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[q] The coronary sinus communicates freely with the right atrium and therefore may become dilated secondary to any factor that causes right atrial dilatation. The most common such factor is ……….., which leads to elevated right heart pressures.

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[q] Myocardial oxygen extraction exceeds that of any other tissue or organ; therefore, the cardiac venous blood in ……… is the most deoxygenated blood in the body.

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[q] The third lead of Biventricular pacemaker that paces the left ventricle is the most difficult one. The preferred transvenous approach involves passing the left ventricular pacing lead from the right atrium into …………, which resides in the posterior atrioventricular groove on the posterior aspect of the heart.

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[q] When cannulating the common femoral artery during cardiac catheterization, the optimal entry site is the middle below ……….?. Arterial puncture above the inguinal ligament increases the risk of ……….. as the area is directly over the retroperitoneal space.

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[q] To access the left side of the heart through right heart catheter, cardiac venous catheters must cross ……….?

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[q] IVC and right phrenic nerve perforate diaphragm at the level of ………?

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[q] Esophagus and vagus nerve perforate diaphragm at the level of ………?

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[q] aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos vein perforate diaphragm at the level of ………?

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[q] The common carotid bifourcates at …… level.

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[q] The trachea bifourcates at ……. level.

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[q] The abdominal aorta bifourcates at …….. level.

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[q] Name the following labels:

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[Qq]

3. Left subclavian artery.

4. Left common carotid artery.

5. Brachiocephalic artery.

6. Left brachiocephalic vein.

7. Right Brachiocephalic vein.

 

[q] Name the following labels:

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[f]

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[Qq]3. Aortic Arch.

4. Superior Vena Cava.

[q] Name the following labels:

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[Qq]3. Ascending Aorta.

4. Descending Aorta.

5. Pulmonary Trunk.

6. Superior Vena Cava.

[q] Name the following labels:

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[Qq]

3. Left Atrium.

4. Right atrium.

5. Left Ventricle.

6. Right Ventricle.

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