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[h] General Pathology Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] Cellular swelling, Plasma membrane blebbing, ↓ protein synthesis, and nuclear chromatin clumping are morphologic hallmarks of ……….?

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[q] Breakdown of plasma membrane, pyknosis (nuclear condensation), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation caused by endonuclease-mediated cleavage), karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are morphologic hallmarks of ……….?

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[q] ……… is the type of cell death that is never due to physiologic cause and always followed by acute inflammation.

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[f]IE5lY3Jvc2lzLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of ischemic infarction of any organ except the brain. Necrotic tissue remains firm; cell shape and organ structure are preserved by coagulation of proteins, but the nucleus disappears.

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[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of ischemic infarction of the brain. Necrotic tissue that becomes liquefied; enzymatic lysis of cells and protein results in liquefaction.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExpcXVlZmFjdGl2ZSBuZWNyb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of granulomatous inflammation due to tuberculous or fungal infection. Soft and friable necrotic tissue with “cottage cheese-like” appearance.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENhc2VvdXMgbmVjcm9zaXMu[Qq]

 

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of trauma to fat (breast) and pancreatitis-mediated damage of peripancreatic fat. Necrotic adipose tissue with chalky-white appearance due to deposition of Calcium.

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[f]IEZhdCBuZWNyb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of malignant hypertension and vasculitis. Leaking of proteins (including fibrin) into vessel wall results in bright pink staining of the wall microscopically.

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[f]IEZpYnJpbm9pZCBuZWNyb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of ischemia of lower limb and GI tract. Coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue (dry gangrene). If superimposed infection of dead tissues occurs, the liquefactive necrosis ensues (wet gangrene).

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[q] ……… is the type of cell death that can be due to physiologic or pathologic causes and not followed by acute inflammation.

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[f]IEFwb3B0b3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway is regulated by proapoptotic proteins like ……… that forms pores in the mitochondrial membrane → release of cytochrome C from inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytoplasm → activation of caspases. And antiapoptotic proteins like …….. keeps the mitochondrial membrane impermeable, thereby preventing cytochrome C release.

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[q] ………. is localized Ca deposition in abnormal tissues 2° to injury or necrosis in the setting of normocalcemia. Seen in TB (lungs and pericardium), Mönckeberg arteriolosclerosis, congenital CMV + toxoplasmosis, psammoma bodies.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IER5c3Ryb3BoaWMgY2FsY2lmaWNhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q] ……… is diffuse Ca deposition in normal tissues in the setting of hypercalcemia (1° hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, hypervitaminosis D) or high calcium-phosphate product levels (chronic renal failure with 2° hyperparathyroidism, long-term dialysis, calciphylaxis, warfarin).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1ldGFzdGF0aWMgY2FsY2lmaWNhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q] ………. receive blood supply from most distal branches of 2 arteries with limited collateral vascularity. These areas are susceptible to ischemia from hypoperfusion.

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[q] …….. is a type of infarction that occurs in solid organs with a single (endarterial) blood supply (heart, kidney)?

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[q] ……. is a type of infarction that occurs in venous occlusion (testicular torsion) and tissues with multiple blood supplies (liver, lung), and with reperfusion (Hemorrhagic transformation after angioplasty).

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[q] Plasma acute-phase proteins are produced by …….. in both acute and chronic inflammatory states. Notably induced by …..?

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[q] Positive acute phase reactants are ………?

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Cg==

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[Qq]

– Fibrinogen: Coagulation factor; promotes endothelial repair; correlates with ESR.

– Serum amyloid A: Prolonged elevation can lead to amyloidosis.

– Hepcidin: ↓ iron absorption (by degrading ferroportin) and ↓ iron release (from macrophages) → anemia of chronic disease.

– C-reactive protein: Opsonin; fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis. Measured clinically as a nonspecific sign of ongoing inflammation.

[q] Negative acute phase reactants are ………?

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[f]

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[Qq]

– Transferrin: Internalized by macrophages to sequester iron.

[q] Most anemias, Infections, Inflammation, and Pregnancy (increase or decrease) ESR.

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[f]IGluY3JlYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] Polycythemia,  Sickle cell anemia, HF (increase or decrease) ESR.

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[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

26 years old patient presenting with dyspnea, stitching pain in the chest + x-rays shows pleural effusion + pueral fluid sample after thrococentesis show:

o Pleural fluid protein/serum protein ratio > 0.5.
o Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH ratio > 0.6.
o Pleural fluid LDH > 2⁄3 of the upper limit of normal for serum LDH.

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