[qwiz style=”width: auto !important; min-height: auto !important; border-width: 4px !important; border-color: #0099cc !important; ” align=”center”]

[h] Biochemistry Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] Cellular swelling, Plasma membrane blebbing, ↓ protein synthesis, and nuclear chromatin clumping are morphologic hallmarks of ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJldmVyc2libGUgY2VsbCBpbmp1cnku

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Breakdown of plasma membrane, pyknosis (nuclear condensation), karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation caused by endonuclease-mediated cleavage), karyolysis (nuclear dissolution) are morphologic hallmarks of ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElycmV2ZXJzaWJsZSBjZWxsIGluanVyeS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……… is the type of cell death that is never due to physiologic cause and always followed by acute inflammation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5lY3Jvc2lzLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of ischemic infarction of any organ except the brain. Necrotic tissue remains firm; cell shape and organ structure are preserved by coagulation of proteins, but the nucleus disappears.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENvYWd1bGF0aXZlIG5lY3Jvc2lzLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of ischemic infarction of the brain. Necrotic tissue that becomes liquefied; enzymatic lysis of cells and protein results in liquefaction.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExpcXVlZmFjdGl2ZSBuZWNyb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of granulomatous inflammation due to tuberculous or fungal infection. Soft and friable necrotic tissue with “cottage cheese-like” appearance.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENhc2VvdXMgbmVjcm9zaXMu[Qq]

 

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of trauma to fat (breast) and pancreatitis-mediated damage of peripancreatic fat. Necrotic adipose tissue with chalky-white appearance due to deposition of Calcium.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZhdCBuZWNyb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of malignant hypertension and vasculitis. Leaking of proteins (including fibrin) into vessel wall results in bright pink staining of the wall microscopically.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZpYnJpbm9pZCBuZWNyb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of necrosis that is characteristic of ischemia of lower limb and GI tract. Coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue (dry gangrene). If superimposed infection of dead tissues occurs, the liquefactive necrosis ensues (wet gangrene).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdhbmdyZW5vdXMgbmVjcm9zaXMu[Qq]

[q] ……… is the type of cell death that can be due to physiologic or pathologic causes and not followed by acute inflammation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFwb3B0b3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] Intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway is regulated by proapoptotic proteins like ……… that forms pores in the mitochondrial membrane → release of cytochrome C from inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytoplasm → activation of caspases. And antiapoptotic proteins like …….. keeps the mitochondrial membrane impermeable, thereby preventing cytochrome C release.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJBWCBhbmQgQkFLLCBCY2wtMiwgQmNsLXhMLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is localized Ca deposition in abnormal tissues 2° to injury or necrosis in the setting of normocalcemia. Seen in TB (lungs and pericardium), Mönckeberg arteriolosclerosis, congenital CMV + toxoplasmosis, psammoma bodies.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IER5c3Ryb3BoaWMgY2FsY2lmaWNhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q] ……… is diffuse Ca deposition in normal tissues in the setting of hypercalcemia (1° hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, hypervitaminosis D) or high calcium-phosphate product levels (chronic renal failure with 2° hyperparathyroidism, long-term dialysis, calciphylaxis, warfarin).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1ldGFzdGF0aWMgY2FsY2lmaWNhdGlvbi4=[Qq]

[q] ………. receive blood supply from most distal branches of 2 arteries with limited collateral vascularity. These areas are susceptible to ischemia from hypoperfusion.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFdhdGVyc2hlZCBhcmVhcy4=[Qq]

[q] …….. is a type of infarction that occurs in solid organs with a single (endarterial) blood supply (heart, kidney)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBhbGUgaW5mYXJjdC4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……. is a type of infarction that occurs in venous occlusion (testicular torsion) and tissues with multiple blood supplies (liver, lung), and with reperfusion (Hemorrhagic transformation after angioplasty).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJlZCBpbmZhcmN0Lg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Plasma acute-phase proteins are produced by …….. in both acute and chronic inflammatory states. Notably induced by …..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBsaXZlciwgSUwtNi4=[Qq]

[q] Positive acute phase reactants are ………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1vcmUgRkZpU0ggaW4gdGhlIEMgKHNlYSk6

Cg==

JiM4MjExOyBGZXJyaXRpbjogQmluZHMgYW5kIHNlcXVlc3RlcnMgaXJvbiB0byBpbmhpYml0IG1pY3JvYmlhbCBpcm9uIHNjYXZlbmdpbmcu

Cg==

[Qq]

– Fibrinogen: Coagulation factor; promotes endothelial repair; correlates with ESR.

– Serum amyloid A: Prolonged elevation can lead to amyloidosis.

– Hepcidin: ↓ iron absorption (by degrading ferroportin) and ↓ iron release (from macrophages) → anemia of chronic disease.

– C-reactive protein: Opsonin; fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis. Measured clinically as a nonspecific sign of ongoing inflammation.

[q] Negative acute phase reactants are ………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]

Cg==

JiM4MjExOyBBbGJ1bWluOiBSZWR1Y3Rpb24gY29uc2VydmVzIGFtaW5vIGFjaWRzIGZvciBwb3NpdGl2ZSByZWFjdGFudHMu

Cg==

[Qq]

– Transferrin: Internalized by macrophages to sequester iron.

[q] Most anemias, Infections, Inflammation, and Pregnancy (increase or decrease) ESR.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGluY3JlYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] Polycythemia,  Sickle cell anemia, HF (increase or decrease) ESR.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

26 years old patient presenting with dyspnea, stitching pain in the chest + x-rays shows pleural effusion + pueral fluid sample after thrococentesis show:

o Pleural fluid protein/serum protein ratio > 0.5.
o Pleural fluid LDH/serum LDH ratio > 0.6.
o Pleural fluid LDH > 2⁄3 of the upper limit of normal for serum LDH.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4dWRhdGl2ZSBmbHVpZCBlZmZ1c2lvbiAoaW5mbGFtbWF0aW9uLCBpbmZlY3Rpb24sIG1hbGlnbmFuY3kpLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. phase of wound healing is characterized by Clot formation, increase of vessel permeability and neutrophil migration into tissue; macrophages clear debris 2 days later.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEluZmxhbW1hdG9yeS4=[Qq]

[q] ………. phase of wound healing is characterized by deposition of granulation tissue and type III collagen, angiogenesis, epithelial cell proliferation, dissolution of clot, and wound contraction (mediated by myofibroblasts).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb2xpZmVyYXRpdmUu[Qq]

[q] ………. phase of wound healing is characterized by Type III collagen replaced by type I collagen, increase of tensile strength of tissue.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJlbW9kZWxpbmcu[Qq]

[q] Zinc deficiency cause delayed wound healing because ………… require zinc to function.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENvbGxhZ2VuYXNlcy4=[Qq]

[q] Vitamin c deficiency causes delayed wound healing because ………… requires vitamin c for during collagen synthesis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHByb2xpbmUgYW5kIGx5c2luZSBoeWRyb3h5bGFzZS4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of abnormal scar formation due to deposition of excess type III collagen parallel to the wound, Confined to borders of original wound, with low rate of recurrence.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEh5cGVydHJvcGhpYyBzY2FyLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q]………. is a type of abnormal scar formation due to deposition of excess type I and III collagen with disorganized organization, Extends beyond borders of original wound, with high rate of recurrence.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEtlbG9pZC4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………, ………, and ……… are growth factors that mediate Angiogenesis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZHRiwgVEdGLc6yLCBhbmQgVkVHRi4=[Qq]

[q] ……….. is an intracellular yellow-brown pigment associated with normal aging. Composed of polymers of lipids and phospholipids complexed with protein.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExpcG9mdXNjaW4u

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] In primary amyloidosis, there is abnormal aggregation of ………. in multiple tissues and commonly seen in ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFMIChmcm9tIElnIExpZ2h0IGNoYWlucyksIFNlZW4gaW4gcGxhc21hIGNlbGwgZGlzb3JkZXJz
CihtdWx0aXBsZSBteWVsb21hKS4=[Qq]

[q] In secondry amyloidosis, there is abnormal aggregation of ………. in multiple tissues and commonly seen in ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlcnVtIEFteWxvaWQgQSAoQUEpLCBTZWVuIGluIGNocm9uaWMgaW5mbGFtbWF0b3J5
CmNvbmRpdGlvbnMgKHJoZXVtYXRvaWQgYXJ0aHJpdGlzLCBJQkQsIGZhbWlsaWFsIE1lZGl0ZXJyYW5lYW4gZmV2ZXIsIHByb3RyYWN0ZWQgaW5mZWN0aW9uKS4=[Qq]

[q] In Dialysis-related amyloidosis, there is abnormal aggregation of ………. in multiple tissues and commonly seen in ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IM6yMi1taWNyb2dsb2J1bGluLCBTZWVuIGluIHBhdGllbnRzIHdpdGggRVNSRCBhbmQvb3Igb24gbG9uZy10ZXJtIGRpYWx5c2lzLg==[Qq]

[q] In Alzheimer disease, there is abnormal aggregation of ………. in the brain?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IM6yLWFteWxvaWQgcHJvdGVpbi4=[Qq]

[q] In Isolated atrial amyloidosis, there is abnormal aggregation of ………. in the atria?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFOUC4=[Qq]

[q] In Systemic senile (agerelated) amyloidosis, there is abnormal aggregation of ………. in the ventricles?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vcm1hbCAod2lsZC10eXBlKSB0cmFuc3RoeXJldGluIChUVFIpLg==[Qq]

[q] In Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy, there is abnormal aggregation of ………. in Ventricular endomyocardium?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE11dGF0ZWQgdHJhbnN0aHlyZXRpbiAoQVRUUiku[Qq]

[q] In Familial amyloid polyneuropathies, there is abnormal aggregation of ………. in neurons?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE11dGF0ZWQgdHJhbnN0aHlyZXRpbiAoQVRUUiku[Qq]

[q] Amyloid deposits is visualized by Congo stain and appear ………. on nonpolarized light,  and ………… on polarized light.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHJlZC9vcmFuZ2UsIGFwcGxlLWdyZWVuIGJpcmVmcmluZ2VuY2Uu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. is characterized by loss of uniformity in cell size and shape (pleomorphism); loss of tissue orientation; nuclear
changes (↑ nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio); often reversible.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IER5c3BsYXNpYS4=[Qq]

[q] …………. is irreversible severe dysplasia that involves the entire thickness of epithelium but does not penetrate the intact basement membrane.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENhcmNpbm9tYSBpbiBzaXR1Lg==[Qq]

[q] …………  generally has more prognostic value than grading.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN0YWdpbmcu[Qq]

[q] ……… on T cells outcompetes CD28 for B7 on APCs —> loss of T cell costimulatory signal. Inhibited by ipilimumab.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENUTEEtNC4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] The highest cancer incidence in males after skin cancer is ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb3N0YXRlLg==[Qq]

[q] The highest cancer incidence in females after skin cancer is ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJyZWFzdC4=[Qq]

[q] The highest cancer mortality in males and females is ………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEx1bmcgY2FuY2VyLg==[Qq]

[q] Most sarcomas spread ………; most carcinomas spread via ………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGhlbWF0b2dlbm91c2x5LCBseW1waGF0aWNzLg==[Qq]

[q] There are four carcinomas route hematogenously: …………, …………, ……….. and ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGZvbGxpY3VsYXIgdGh5cm9pZCBjYXJjaW5vbWEsIGNob3Jpb2NhcmNpbm9tYSwgcmVuYWwgY2VsbCBjYXJjaW5vbWEsIGFuZCBoZXBhdG9jZWxsdWxhciBjYXJjaW5vbWEu[Qq]

[q] Gain of function mutation converts proto-oncogene (normal gene) to oncogene —-> increase cancer risk. Requires damage to (one or two) allele of a proto-oncogene.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG9ubHkgb25lLg==[Qq]

[q] Loss of function of tumor suppressor gene —> increase cancer risk; (one or two) allele of a tumor suppressor gene must be lost for expression of disease.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFR3byAoS251ZHNvbuKAmXMgMi1oaXQgaHlwb3RoZXNpcyku[Qq]

[q] ……… is ATP-dependent efflux pump also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1). Used to pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of decrease responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFAtZ2x5Y29wcm90ZWluLg==[Qq]

[q] ……… are Laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcification.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBzYW1tb21hIGJvZGllcy4=

Cg==

UFNBTU1PTQ==[Qq]aS bodies are seen in:
ƒ Papillary carcinoma of thyroid
ƒ Somatostatinoma
ƒ Adrenals (calcifying fibrous pseudotumor)
ƒ Meningioma
ƒ Malignant Mesothelioma
ƒ Ovarian serous carcinoma
ƒ Prolactinoma (Milk)
ƒ Serous endometrial carcinoma

[q] Weight loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease (cancer, AIDS, heart failure, COPD) is  mediated by ……?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRORi3OsSwgSUZOLc6zLCBJTC0xLCBhbmQgSUwtNi4=[Qq]

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