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[h] Microbiology & Antimicrobials Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q]  …….. is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and proteins are loaded there by an endogenous pathway.

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[q] Proteins synthesized in the cell cytosol are routinely degraded in proteasomes, and the peptides from these proteins are transported through a peptide transporter, known as the ……., into the endoplasmic reticulum, where they have the opportunity to bind to freshly synthesized MHC class I proteins.

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[q] ……. is used to present antigens that antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages and B-lymphocytes) have encountered in the body and have taken up by phagocytosis or endocytosis.

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[q] Without lysosomal acidification, antigen processing in association with …….. would not occur, and therefore, unable to bind the TCR.

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[q] ……… are dendritic cells found in the skin that act as professional antigen presenting cells. These cells are derived from the myeloid cell line and they possess characteristic racquet-shaped intracytoplasmic granules known as Birbeck granules.

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[q] Several surface molecules are involved in the activation of mature, naive T lymphocytes:
A. First (primary) signal is ………….?
B. Second (costimulatory) signal is …………?

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[f]

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QS4gRmlyc3QgKHByaW1hcnkpIHNpZ25hbDogcmVjb2duaXRpb24gb2YgdGhlIE1IQy1wZXB0aWRlIGNvbXBsZXggYnkgdGhlIFQgY2VsbCByZWNlcHRvciBhbmQgY29yZWNlcHRvcnMgKENENCBhbmQgQ0Q4KS4=
CkIuIFNlY29uZCAoY29zdGltdWxhdG9yeSkgc2lnbmFsOiByZWNvZ25pdGlvbiBvZiBCNyBieSBDRDI4Lg==[Qq]

[q] Later in the immune response, B7 will preferentially bind to ……….., effectively turning off the T-cell response.

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[q] …….. are bacterial proteins that cross-link the variable β domain of a T-cell receptor to an α chain of a class II MHC molecule. This, in turn, activates macrophages, resulting in overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α). Excess amounts of these cytokines induce systemic toxicity.

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[q] Differentiation of a Th0 cell into a Th1 cell is stimulated by intracellular pathogens (viruses and intracellular bacteria). These pathogens induce a strong innate immune response with the resultant production of ……. by macrophages and …… by NK cells.

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[q] Th1 cells secrete high levels of the inflammatory cytokine ……. which amplifies the Th1 response and inhibits the Th2 response.

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[q] Differentiation of a Th0 cell into a ……. cell seems to be encouraged in response to large extracellular parasites such as helminths or allergens. Several cytokines are produced including IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13.

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[q]  produced by Th1 cells promotes further Th1 development and inhibits the proliferation of Th2 cells, while …….. produced by Th2 cells promote Th2 differentiation and inhibit the activation of THI cells.

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[q] Differentiation of a Th0 cell into a …… cell occurs in the presence of extracellular bacterial and fungal infections. The activated cells will secrete the cytokines IL-17, IL 21 and IL-22.

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[q] …….. help maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions. Have been shown to be critical for the prevention of autoimmunity. Activated cells produce anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β).

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

2 years old male child presenting with symptoms of DM, severe diarrhea and Eczematous rash + intestinal biobsy shows villous atrophy of small intestine?

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[f]IElQRVggKEltbXVuZSBkeXNyZWd1bGF0aW9uLCBQb2x5ZW5kb2NyaW5vcGF0aHksIEVudGVyb3BhdGh5LCBYLWxpbmtlZCkgc3luZHJvbWUu

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[q] …….. requires interaction of the CD40 receptor on activated B-cells with the CD40 ligand expressed by activated T-cells.

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[q] Th2 helper cells release IL-13 which, together with IL-4, preferentially promotes …….. production.

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[q] …….. results from an inability of B-lymphocytes to undergo isotype switching from lgM to other immunoglobulin isotypes such as lgD, lgG, lgE and lgA due to genetic deficiencies in the CD-40 T-lymphocyte ligand that is essential in inducing B-cells to switch classes.

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[q] During the intense proliferative response of the B cell, random mutations in the coding of the variable domain region may occur. This is called …….?

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