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[h] Microbiology & Antimicrobials Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ……….. consists mainly of bacteria, can provide useful nutrients (vitamin K and folic acid) and release compounds with antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacterium, and contribute to host defense by competing with invaders for space and nutrients and maintaining normal PH environment.

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[q] Colonization of GI tract is more rapid after vaginal delivery or C-section?

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[q] Genetic information of a bacterial cell is contained in a single circular molecule of double-stranded DNA, which constitutes the ……….?

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[q] In many bacteria, additional genetic information is contained on ……. which are small circular extrachromosomal DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the chromosome.

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[q] Prokaryotic ribosomes have a sedimentation constant of 70S, smaller than the 80S ribosomes of eukaryotes. This difference is responsible for the ………. of antibiotics.

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[q] ……… in prokaryotes is functional analogue of the mitochondria in eukaryotes.

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[q] …….. are small, circular, nonchromosomal, double-stranded DNA molecules. Capable of self-replication. Contain genes that confer protective properties such as antibiotic resistance or virulence factors or their own transmissibility to other bacteria.

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[q] …………. is the major surface antigens of the Gram-positive bacteria, while ………. is the major surface antigens of the Gram-negative bacteria.

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[q] Peptidoglycans is much thicker in ……… comprising up to 50% of the cell wall material, but much thinner in ……. composed of only one or two sheets comprising 5-10% of the cell wall material.

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[q] …….. is a phospholipid protein bilayer present external to the peptidoglycan layer. The outer surface of the lipid bilayer is composed of molecules of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which consist of a complex lipid called lipid A chemically linked to polysaccharides.

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[q] ……. is the space between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including β-lactamases.

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[q] …….. doesn’t assume a defined recognizable shape, because they lack a rigid cell wall. They are also resistant to cell wall inhibitors, such as penicillin and cephalosporins.

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[q] Motile bacteria use ……… to migrate towards regions where there is a higher concentration of nutrients and solutes and away from disinfecting substances.

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[q] Moist heat at  ……. C for 10-20 minutes is needed to kill spores while 60C is sufficient to kill vegetative forms.

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[q] Thermal resistance of spores is provided by their high content of  ……. and ……?

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[q] ……… is Enzyme that cleaves IgA, allowing bacteria to adhere to and colonize mucous membranes. Secreted
by S pneumoniae, H influenzae type b, and Neisseria (SHiN).

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[q] In case of foreign bodies that is contaminated with S. Epidermidis, the bacteria multiply and communicate with one another to induce synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharide matrix (biofilm) that encases the bacteria. This extracellular matrix is called ……..?

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[q] …….. refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus alters its surface proteins in order to evade a host immune response.

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