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[h] Microbiology & Antimicrobials Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ………. bind to ergosterol molecules, forming pores in the membrane and allowing leakage of ions (especially K) from the cells. This disruption of cell membrane integrity leads to cell lysis. It depend on the amount of ergosterol (unique to fungi) incorporated into fungal cell membranes for their efficacy.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZSBwb2x5ZW5lcyAoYW1waG90ZXJpY2luIEIgYW5kIG55c3RhdGluKS4=[Qq]

[q] ………….. explains the large number of amphotericin B adverse effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFtcGhvdGVyaWNpbiBCIGJpbmQgY2hvbGVzdGVyb2wgdG8gc29tZSBkZWdyZWU=[Qq]

[q] Why should you give amphotericin B by slow IV infusion?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFjdXRlIGluZnVzaW9uLXJlbGF0ZWQgcmVhY3Rpb25zLCBzdWNoIGFzIGZldmVyLCBjaGlsbHMsIHJpZ29ycywgYW5kIGh5cG90ZW5zaW9uLiBBY3V0ZSBpbmZ1c2lvbi1yZWxhdGVkIHJlYWN0aW9ucyBhcmUgY29tbW9uLCBhbmQgbW9zdCBmcmVxdWVudCBkdXJpbmcgaW5pdGlhbCBpbmZ1c2lvbnMgKG9mdGVuIGRpbWluaXNoIHdpdGggc3Vic2VxdWVudCBpbmZ1c2lvbnMpLiBQcmVtZWRpY2F0aW9uIHdpdGggYW50aXB5cmV0aWNzIGFuZCBhbnRpaGlzdGFtaW5lcyBjYW4gbGVzc2VuIHRoZSBzZXZlcml0eSBvZiB0aGVzZSBlZmZlY3RzLg==[Qq]

[q] Why should you monitor kidney functions and electrolytes of patients on Amphotericin B?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFtcGhvdGVyaWNpbiBCIGNhdXNlcyBhIGRvc2UtZGVwZW5kZW50IG5lcGhyb3RveGljaXR5IGJlY2F1c2UgaXQgZGVjcmVhc2VzIHRoZSBnbG9tZXJ1bGFyIGZpbHRyYXRpb24gcmF0ZS4=

QW1waG90ZXJpY2luIEIgY2FuIGFsc28gY2F1c2Ugc2lnbmlmaWNhbnQgZWxlY3Ryb2x5dGUgYWJub3JtYWxpdGllcyAoaHlwb21hZ25lc2VtaWEgYW5kIGh5cG9rYWxlbWlhKS4gU2V2ZXJlIGh5cG9rYWxlbWlhIGFuZCBoeXBvbWFnbmVzZW1pYSBhcmUgY29tbW9ubHkgc2VlbiBkdXJpbmcgdGhlcmFweSwgYW5kIG9mdGVuIHJlcXVpcmUgZGFpbHkgc3VwcGxlbWVudGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[q] Mechanism of resistance to ……… is decreasing the cell membrane ergosterol content.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFtcGhvdGVyaWNpbiBCLg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. are fungicidal and interfere with the synthesis of ergosterol by inhibiting 14-α-demethylase, a fungal P450 enzyme, which converts lanosterol to ergosterol.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEF6b2xlcyAoQ2xvdHJpbWF6b2xlLCBmbHVjb25hem9sZSwgaXRyYWNvbmF6b2xlLCBrZXRvY29uYXpvbGUsIG1pY29uYXpvbGUsIHZvcmljb25hem9sZSku[Qq]

[q] All azoles (increase or decrease) the serum concentrations of drugs metabolized by liver P450 enzymes?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEluY3JlYXNlLsKgVGhlIGF6b2xlcyBpbmhpYml0IHRoZSBhY3Rpdml0eSBvZiB0aGUgaHVtYW4gUDQ1MCBjeXRvY2hyb21lIG94aWRhc2Ugc3lzdGVtLiBUaGlzIHByb3BlcnR5IGxlYWRzIHRvIG11bHRpcGxlIGRydWcgaW50ZXJhY3Rpb25zLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. are antifungals that ↓ Synthesis of steroids, including cortisol and testosterone ↓ libido, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGF6b2xlcyAoZXNwZWNpYWxseSB3aXRoIGtldG9jb25hem9sZSku[Qq]

[q] ……… inhibits fungal DNA and RNA biosynthesis by conversion to 5-fluorouracil by fungal cytosine deaminase which after triphosphorylation is incorporated into fungal RNA and inhibits its synthesis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZsdWN5dG9zaW5lLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. inhibits synthesis of ergosterol of the fungal membrane by inhibiting the enzyme squalene epoxidase.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRlcmJpbmFmaW5lLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. are a newer group of antifungal medications that inhibit synthesis of the polysaccharide glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. Effective for treatment of Invasive aspergillosis, and Candidemia.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVjaGlub2NhbmRpbnMgKGNhc3BvZnVuZ2luIGFuZCBtaWNhZnVuZ2luKS4=[Qq]

[q] …….. interferes with microtubule function; disrupts mitosis. Deposits in keratin-containing tissues (nails). ↑ cytochrome P-450 and warfarin metabolism.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdyaXNlb2Z1bHZpbi4=[Qq]

[q] ……….. Blocks detoxification of heme into hemozoin. Heme accumulates and is toxic to plasmodia. Cause Retinopathy; pruritus (especially in dark-skinned individuals) as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]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[Qq]

[q] Acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir, and ganciclovir.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]ICYjODIzMDsmIzgyMzA7JiM4MjMwOyYjODIzMDsgY2FuIGNhdXNlIE9ic3RydWN0aXZlIGNyeXN0YWxsaW5lIG5lcGhyb3BhdGh5IGFuZCBhY3V0ZSByZW5hbCBmYWlsdXJlIGlmIG5vdCBhZGVxdWF0ZWx5IGh5ZHJhdGVkLsKgSW4gbW9zdCBjYXNlcywgdGhpcyB0b3hpYyBjb21wbGljYXRpb24gaXMgdHJhbnNpZW50IGFuZCBjYW4gYmUgcHJldmVudGVkIChhcyB3ZWxsIGFzIHRyZWF0ZWQpIHdpdGggYWRlcXVhdGUgaHlkcmF0aW9uIGFuZCBkb3NhZ2UgYWRqdXN0bWVudCwgd2hpY2ggaW5jbHVkZXMgc2xvd2luZyB0aGUgcmF0ZSBvZiBpbnRyYXZlbm91cyBpbmZ1c2lvbi4=[Qq]

[q] Acyclovir.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1lY2hhbmlzbSBvZiByZXNpc3RhbmNlIHRvICYjODIzMDsmIzgyMzA7JiM4MjMwOyBpcyBjaGFuZ2VzIGluIEROQSBwb2x5bWVyYXNlIG9yIHRvIG11dGF0ZWQgdmlyYWwgdGh5bWlkaW5lIGtpbmFzZS4=[Qq]

[q] Acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir, and ganciclovir.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFdoaWNoIG9mIHRoZSBmb2xsb3dpbmcgaXMgZWZmZWN0aXZlIGluIHRyZWF0bWVudCBvZiBDTVYgKEFjeWNsb3ZpciwgdmFsYWN5Y2xvdmlyLCBmYW1jaWNsb3ZpciwgYW5kIGdhbmNpY2xvdmlyKT8=[Qq]

[q] ………… binds to pyrophosphate-binding site of enzyme —> inhibits viral DNA and RNA polymerases. Does not require activation by viral kinase.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdhbmNpY2xvdmlyLg==[Qq]

[q] …… is used for treatment of CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients when ganciclovir fails. Cause nephrotoxcity electrolyte abnormalities (hypo- or hypercalcemia, hypo- or hyperphosphatemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia) which can lead to seizures.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZvc2Nhcm5ldC4=[Qq]

[q] ……… is a nucleotide analogue that directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Does not require phosphorylation by viral kinase. Used for treatment of CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients when ganciclovir fails?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZvc2Nhcm5ldC4=[Qq]

[q] ……….. inhibit neuraminidases of influenza A and B → ↓ release of progeny virus. Beginning therapy within 48 hours of symptom onset may shorten duration of illness.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFphbmFtaXZpciBhbmQgT3NlbHRhbWl2aXIu[Qq]

[q] Regimen of antiretroviral therapy consists of 3 drugs to prevent resistance including ………..and ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDIgTlJUSXMgYW5kIHByZWZlcmFibHkgYW4gaW50ZWdyYXNlIGluaGliaXRvci4=[Qq]

[q] ……… is antiretroviral drugs that cause Lipodystrophy leading to central obesity and peripheral wasting, Hyperglycemia, inhibition of P-450  and may cause interactions with other drugs.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb3RlYXNlIGluaGliaXRvcnMgKEF0YXphbmF2aXIsIERhcnVuYXZpciwgRm9zYW1wcmVuYXZpciwgSW5kaW5hdmlyLCBMb3BpbmF2aXIsIFJpdG9uYXZpciwgU2FxdWluYXZpcik=[Qq]

[q] ……… is a Protease inhibitor that cause nephrotoxicity and nephrolithiasis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEluZGluYXZpci4=[Qq]

[q] …….. is antiretroviral drugs that Competitively inhibit nucleotide binding to reverse transcriptase and terminate the DNA chain (lack a 3′ OH group).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5SVElzIChBYmFjYXZpciwgRGlkYW5vc2luZSwgRW10cmljaXRhYmluZSwgTGFtaXZ1ZGluZSwgU3RhdnVkaW5lLCBUZW5vZm92aXIsIFppZG92dWRpbmUpLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is a NRTIs used for general prophylaxis and during pregnancy to ↓ risk of fetal transmission and cause anemia as a side effect.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFppZG92dWRpbmUgKFpEViku[Qq]

[q] ………. is a NRTIs that cause nephrotoxicity as a side effect.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRlbm9mb3Zpci4=[Qq]

[q] ………. is a NRTIs that cause pancreatitis as a side effect.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRpZGFub3NpbmUu[Qq]

[q] ………. is a NRTIs that is contraindicated if patient has HLA-B*5701 mutation due to ↑ risk of hypersensitivity.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFiYWNhdmlyLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. is antiretroviral drugs that bind to reverse transcriptase at site different from NRTIs. Do not require phosphorylation to be active or compete with nucleotides.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5OUlRJcyAoRGVsYXZpcmRpbmUsIEVmYXZpcmVueiwgTmV2aXJhcGluZSku[Qq]

[q] …….. is NNRTIs that cause Vivid dreams and CNS symptoms and contraindicated in pregnancy.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGVmYXZpcmVuei4=[Qq]

[q] …….. is antiretroviral drugs that Disrupts the ability of HIV to integrate its genome into the host cell’s chromosomes, thus preventing host cellular machinery from being used to synthesize HIV mRNA.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEludGVncmFzZSBpbmhpYml0b3JzIChSYWx0ZWdyYXZpciwgRWx2aXRlZ3JhdmlyLCBSYWx0ZWdyYXZpciku[Qq]

[q] …….. is antiretroviral drugs that selectively bind to the HIV envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 prevent the conformational changes necessary for the viral membrane to fuse with the target cellular membrane.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuZnV2aXJ0aWRlLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. is antiretroviral drugs that Binds CCR-5 on surface of T cells/monocytes, inhibiting interaction with gp120.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1hcmF2aXJvYy4=[Qq]

[q] Neutropenia is a significant adverse effect of …….. and …….., and its incidence is increased with coadministration of zidovudine.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGdhbmNpY2xvdmlyIGFuZCBBbXBob3RlcmljaW4gQi4=[Qq]

[q] Treatment options for cytomegalovirus-induced retinitis include …….., …….. and ……..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGdhbmNpY2xvdmlyLCBmb3NjYXJuZXQsIGFuZCBjaWRvZm92aXIu[Qq]

[q] ………. are Glycoproteins normally synthesized by virus-infected cells, exhibiting a wide range of antiviral and antitumoral properties.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEludGVyZmVyb25zLg==[Qq]

[q] Monophosphorylated form of ribavirin inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides by competitively inhibiting ……..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGlub3NpbmUgbW9ub3Bob3NwaGF0ZSBkZWh5ZHJvZ2VuYXNlLg==

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] ……… RNA-dependent RNA polymerase acting as a chain terminator. Used in combination for treatment of Hepatitis C virus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvZm9zYnV2aXIu[Qq]

[q] …….. inhibits viral phosphoprotein that plays a key role in RNA replication. Used in combination for treatment of Hepatitis C virus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExlZGlwYXN2aXIu[Qq]

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