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[h] Nephrology Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] The urinary structures formed during embryonic kidney development are derived from ………….., which develops from the urogenital ridge formed by intermediate mesoderm.

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[q] ……….. is a very primitive structure arising from the cephalic portion of the nephrogenic cord forms and later completely regresses.

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[q] ………. forms from the midportion of the nephrogenic cord and Functions as interim kidney for 1st trimester. In males, it persist in the male as ………., which ultimately form important elements of the reproductive duct system, including the ductus deferens and epididymis. In females, it regresses and becomes ………..?

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[q] Development of the metanephros, or true kidney, begins with formation of …………., which sprouts off the caudal portion of the mesonephric duct by the fifth to sixth week of gestation. It then penetrates into the sacral intermediate mesoderm to induce the formation of ………….?

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[q] …………. gives rise to the collecting system of the kidney, including the collecting tubules and ducts, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and the ureters.

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[q] …………. gives rise to the glomeruli, Bowman’s space, proximal tubules, the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubules.

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[q] Inadequate recanalization of ………. is the most common cause of unilateral fetal hydronephrosis.

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[q] ……….. occurs because ureteric bud fails to develop and induce differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme → complete absence of kidney and ureter. Usually asymptomatic with compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney.

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[q] ……….. occurs due to abnormal interaction between ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. Leads to a nonfunctional kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue. Generally asymptomatic with compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney.

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

Newborn male child presenting with bilateral hydroureters, and bilateral hydronephrosis with poor urinary stream, straining with voiding, flat facies and difficulty with breathing + history of prenatal ultrasound showing oligohydramnios?

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[q] …………. results from bilateral renal aplasia and is a very rare condition; a similar presentation caused by other etiologies is called the ………?

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[q] …………. which originally connected the urogenital sinus with the yolk sac becomes the urachus (remnant of the allantois), a duct between the bladder and the yolk sac. This later develops into …………?

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[q] …………. present with urine discharge from the umbilicus exacerbated by crying, straining, voiding and prone position. It occurs due to failure of urachus to obliterate (persistent of allantois remnant).

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[q] ………. occurs due to Failure to close the part of urachus adjacent to the bladder. An outpouching of the apex of the bladder which is commonly asymptomatic.

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[q] ………….. occurs due to Failure to close the distal part of urachus (adjacent to the umbilicus). It presents with periumbilical tenderness and purulent discharge from the umbilicus due to the persistent and recurrent infections.

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[q] ………. occurs due to Failure to close the distal part of urachus (adjacent to the umbilicus). It presents with periumbilical tenderness and purulent discharge from the umbilicus due to the persistent and recurrent infections.

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[q] ……….. occurs due to Failure of central portion of urachus to obliterate. A fluid-filled structure located between the two obliterated ends of the urachus that is most commonly asymptomatic.

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[q] In Horseshoe kidney, the kidneys are located in lower location than normal because the centrally located isthmus becomes trapped behind ……………. during the relative ascent of the kidney.

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[q] Left renal vein receives two additional veins from ………….. and …………?

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[q] The distal tip of the left 12th rib can be displaced into the retroperitoneum when fractured, lacerating …………..?

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[q] ………….. are modified smooth muscles located in the media of the afferent arterioles and to lesser extend the efferent arterioles as they enter the glomeruli. These cells secrete renin. These cells act as baroreceptors and respond to changes in perfusion pressure and are stimulated by a decreased renal perfusion or by hypovolemia, to release renin.

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[q] ………….. are modified tubular cells in the initial portion of distal convoluted tubule that comes in contact with the glomerulus. The macula densa is in close proximity to the JG cells. These cells monitor the composition of the fluid in the tubular lumen at this point (function as chemoreceptors that are stimulated by a decrease of NaCl load).

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[q] Gynecologic procedures involving ligation of uterine vessels traveling in cardinal ligament may damage …………?

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[q] In a suprapubic cystostomy, the trocar and cannula pierce the aponeurosis of …………., along with the layers of the superficial fascia, transversalis fascia, and extraperitoneal fat.

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[q] The proximal 1/3 of the ureter receives its blood supply from branches of ………….. For this reason, this portion of the donor ureter is typically viable after renal transplantation.

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