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[h] Nephrology Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] By increasing …………….., patients can help prevent the formation of all types of renal calculi, thus preventing stone formation?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGZsdWlkIGludGFrZS4=[Qq]

[q] The most common type of kidney stones is ………………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENhbGNpdW0gb3hhbGF0ZSBhbmQvIG9yIGNhbGNpdW0gcGhvc3BoYXRlLg==[Qq]

[q] Most common cause of calcium kidney stones is ………… In this condition, there is an increased concentration of calcium in urine, with (normal or low or high) serum calcium levels?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGlkaW9wYXRoaWMgaHlwZXJjYWxjaXVyaWEsIG5vcm1hbCAobm9ybW9jYWxjZW1pYSwgaHlwZXJjYWxjaXVyaWEpLg==[Qq]

[q] Calcium oxalate can be Precipitated with (hypocitraturia or hypercitrauria).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGh5cG9jaXRyYXR1cmlhLiBBIGhpZ2ggdXJpbmUgY2l0cmF0ZSBjb25jZW50cmF0aW9uIGhhcyBhIHN0b25lLXByZXZlbnRpbmcgZWZmZWN0LCBhcyBjaXRyYXRlIGJpbmRzIHRvIGZyZWUgKGlvbml6ZWQpIGNhbGNpdW0sIHByZXZlbnRpbmcgaXRzIHByZWNpcGl0YXRpb24gYW5kIGZhY2lsaXRhdGluZyBpdHMgZXhjcmV0aW9uLiBQb3Rhc3NpdW0gY2l0cmF0ZSBpcyBvZnRlbiBwcmVzY3JpYmVkIHRvIHByZXZlbnQgcmVjdXJyZW50IGNhbGNpdW0gc3RvbmVzIGluIGFkdWx0cyB3aGVuIGRpZXRhcnkgbW9kaWZpY2F0aW9ucyBhcmUgdW5zdWNjZXNzZnVsLg==[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

30 years old patient presenting with unilateral flank pain, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria. Abdominal xray shows kidney stones in the right ureter. Crystal shape under microscope looks like envelope?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENhbGNpdW0ga2lkbmV5IHN0b25lLg==[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

30 years old patient presenting with unilateral flank pain, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria. The patient has history of recurrent urinary tract infection with klebsilla. Abdominal xray shows kidney stones in the right ureter. Crystal shape under microscope is coffin lid?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN0cnV2aXRlIGtpZG5leSBzdG9uZSAoQW1tb25pdW0sIG1hZ25lc2l1bSwgcGhvc3BoYXRlKS4=[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

14 years old patient presenting with unilateral flank pain, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria. The patient has history of leukemia for which he is taking chemotherapy. Xray was negative but ultrasound shows stones in left ureter. Crystal shape under microscope is Rhomboid shaped?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFVyaWMgYWNpZCBraWRuZXkgc3RvbmVzLg==[Qq]

[q] (Alkalinization or acidification of urine) make uric acid and cystine more soluble in the urine.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGFsa2FsaW5pemF0aW9uIG9mIHVyaW5lIChwb3Rhc3NpdW0gYmljYXJib25hdGUpLg==[Qq]

[q] The lowest pH along the nephron is found in ………………; so these are the segments of the nephron that become obstructed by uric acid crystals.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBkaXN0YWwgdHVidWxlcyBhbmQgY29sbGVjdGluZyBkdWN0cy4=[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

8 years old child presenting with unilateral flank pain, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria. He has history of recurrent stones since childhood. Crystal shape under microscope is hexagonal. Sodium cyanide nitroprusside test ⊕.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEN5c3RpbmUga2lkbmV5IHN0b25lcy4=[Qq]

[q] Recurrent nephrolithiasis in a young patient should alert you to the possibility of an inborn error of metabolism like ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGN5c3RpbnVyaWEu[Qq]

[q] Staghorn calculi in adults most probably ……..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHN0cnV2aXRlIHN0b25lcy4=[Qq]

[q] Staghorn calculi in children most probably ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGN5c3RpbnVyaWEu[Qq]

[q] In older males, ………….. is the most common cause of urinary obstruction leading to hydronephrosis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGJlbmlnbiBwcm9zdGF0aWMgaHlwZXJwbGFzaWEu

[q] ………….. is the most common pediatric urologic problem and is present in ~30%-45% of children with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZlc2ljb3VyZXRlcmFsIHJlZmx1eC4=[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

3 years old child presenting with chronic pyelonephritis due to recurrent attacks of UTIs, ultrasound shows abnormal anatomic abnormality and focal parenchymal scarring of the kidney, most commonly at the upper and lower poles of the kidney?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZlc2ljb3VyZXRlcmFsIHJlZmx1eC4=

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

65 years old female presenting with urine incontinence when intraabdominal pressure increases (coughing and sneezing). ⊕ bladder stress test (directly observed leakage from urethra upon coughing or Valsalva maneuver)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN0cmVzcyBJbmNvbnRpbmVuY2UuIEluanVyeSB0byB0aGUgcGVsdmljIGZsb29yIG11c2NsZXMgY2FuIHJlc3VsdCBpbiB1cmV0aHJhbCBoeXBlcm1vYmlsaXR5IGFuZCB1cmV0aHJhbCBwcm9sYXBzZSBvdXQgb2YgdGhlIHBlbHZpcyDihpIgdXJldGhyYWwgc3BoaW5jdGVyIGR5c2Z1bmN0aW9uLg==

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] Pelvic floor muscle strengthening (Kegel) exercises which targets the levator ani muscle to improve support around the urethra and bladder can improve the symptoms of which type of incontinence?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN0cmVzcyBJbmNvbnRpbmVuY2Uu[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

43 years old female with history of multiple sclerosis presenting with immediate urge to void followed by  urine incontinence that cannot be voluntarily suppressed. Urodynamic studies show little or no residual urine after emptying?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFVyZ2UgKEh5cGVydG9uaWMpIEluY29udGluZW5jZS4=

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

43 years old female with history of DM involuntary urine loss occurs but only until the bladder pressure equals urethral pressure. Urodynamic studies show ↑ postvoid residual volume.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE92ZXJmbG93IChIeXBvdG9uaWMpIEluY29udGluZW5jZS4=

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

24 years old patient presenting with dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain and tenderness. Urinalysis shows cloudy urine with> 10 WBCs/high power field (hpf).  Dipstick is Positive leukocyte esterase (due to pyuria) and nitrites?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEN5c3RpdGlzLg==[Qq]

[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?

24 years old patient presenting with dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, flank and abdominal pain, fever, shaking chills, nausea, and vomiting. Urinalysis shows pyuria, WBC casts, and bacteriuria. Microscopic presentation shows massive infiltration of the interstitium by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) as well as a large number of neutrophils in the tubular lumina (arrows)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFjdXRlIHB5ZWxvbmVwaHJpdGlzLg==[Qq]

[q] Atrophic tubules containing eosinophilic proteinaceous material resemble thyroid follicles (thyroidization of the kidney); waxy casts may be seen in urine of patients with ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENocm9uaWMgcHllbG9uZXBocml0aXMu[Qq]

[q] ………….. is a rare, grossly orange nodules that can mimic tumor nodules; characterized by widespread kidney damage due to granulomatous tissue containing foamy macrophages.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFhhbnRob2dyYW51bG9tYXRvdXMgcHllbG9uZXBocml0aXMu[Qq]

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