[qwiz style=”width: auto !important; min-height: auto !important; border-width: 4px !important; border-color: #0099cc !important; ” align=”center”]
[h] Nephrology Flashcards
[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.
[q] The urinary structures formed during embryonic kidney development are derived from ………….., which develops from the urogenital ridge formed by intermediate mesoderm.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBuZXBocm9nZW5pYyBjb3JkLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……….. is a very primitive structure arising from the cephalic portion of the nephrogenic cord forms and later completely regresses.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBwcm9uZXBocm9zLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. forms from the midportion of the nephrogenic cord and Functions as interim kidney for 1st trimester. In males, it persist in the male as ………., which ultimately form important elements of the reproductive duct system, including the ductus deferens and epididymis. In females, it regresses and becomes ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBtZXNvbmVwaHJvcywgdGhlIFdvbGZmaWFuIGR1Y3RzLCB2ZXN0aWdpYWwgR2FydG5lciYjODIxNztzIGR1Y3RzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Development of the metanephros, or true kidney, begins with formation of …………., which sprouts off the caudal portion of the mesonephric duct by the fifth to sixth week of gestation. It then penetrates into the sacral intermediate mesoderm to induce the formation of ………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSB1cmV0ZXJpYyBidWQgKG1ldGFuZXBocmljIGRpdmVydGljdWx1bSksIHRoZSBtZXRhbmVwaHJpYyBibGFzdGVtYSAobWV0YW5lcGhyaWMgbWVzb2Rlcm0pLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. gives rise to the collecting system of the kidney, including the collecting tubules and ducts, major and minor calyces, renal pelvis, and the ureters.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSB1cmV0ZXJpYyBidWQgKG1ldGFuZXBocmljIGRpdmVydGljdWx1bSku[Qq]
[q] …………. gives rise to the glomeruli, Bowman’s space, proximal tubules, the loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubules.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBtZXRhbmVwaHJpYyBibGFzdGVtYS4=[Qq]
[q] Inadequate recanalization of ………. is the most common cause of unilateral fetal hydronephrosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSB1cmV0ZXJvcGVsdmljIGp1bmN0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. occurs because ureteric bud fails to develop and induce differentiation of metanephric mesenchyme → complete absence of kidney and ureter. Usually asymptomatic with compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFVuaWxhdGVyYWwgcmVuYWwgYWdlbmVzaXMu[Qq]
[q] ……….. occurs due to abnormal interaction between ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme. Leads to a nonfunctional kidney consisting of cysts and connective tissue. Generally asymptomatic with compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE11bHRpY3lzdGljIGR5c3BsYXN0aWMga2lkbmV5Lg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
Newborn male child presenting with bilateral hydroureters, and bilateral hydronephrosis with poor urinary stream, straining with voiding, flat facies and difficulty with breathing + history of prenatal ultrasound showing oligohydramnios?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvc3RlcmlvciB1cmV0aHJhbCB2YWx2ZXMgKFBVViku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. results from bilateral renal aplasia and is a very rare condition; a similar presentation caused by other etiologies is called the ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvdHRlciBzeW5kcm9tZSwgUG90dGVyIHNlcXVlbmNlIFtBUlBLRCwgb2JzdHJ1Y3RpdmUgdXJvcGF0aHkgKHBvc3RlcmlvciB1cmV0aHJhIHZhbHZlKV0u
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. which originally connected the urogenital sinus with the yolk sac becomes the urachus (remnant of the allantois), a duct between the bladder and the yolk sac. This later develops into …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBhbGxhbnRvaXMsIHRoZSBtZWRpYW4gdW1iaWxpY2FsIGxpZ2FtZW50IGF0IGJpcnRoLg==
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] …………. present with urine discharge from the umbilicus exacerbated by crying, straining, voiding and prone position. It occurs due to failure of urachus to obliterate (persistent of allantois remnant).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBhdGVudCB1cmFjaHVzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. occurs due to Failure to close the part of urachus adjacent to the bladder. An outpouching of the apex of the bladder which is commonly asymptomatic.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFZlc2ljb3VyYWNoYWwgZGl2ZXJ0aWN1bHVtLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. occurs due to Failure to close the distal part of urachus (adjacent to the umbilicus). It presents with periumbilical tenderness and purulent discharge from the umbilicus due to the persistent and recurrent infections.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFZlc2ljb3VyYWNoYWwgZGl2ZXJ0aWN1bHVtLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. occurs due to Failure to close the distal part of urachus (adjacent to the umbilicus). It presents with periumbilical tenderness and purulent discharge from the umbilicus due to the persistent and recurrent infections.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFVyYWNoYWwgc2ludXMu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……….. occurs due to Failure of central portion of urachus to obliterate. A fluid-filled structure located between the two obliterated ends of the urachus that is most commonly asymptomatic.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFVyYWNoYWwgY3lzdC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In Horseshoe kidney, the kidneys are located in lower location than normal because the centrally located isthmus becomes trapped behind ……………. during the relative ascent of the kidney.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBpbmZlcmlvciBtZXNlbnRlcmljIGFydGVyeS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Left renal vein receives two additional veins from ………….. and …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGxlZnQgc3VwcmFyZW5hbCBhbmQgbGVmdCBnb25hZGFsIHZlaW5zLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The distal tip of the left 12th rib can be displaced into the retroperitoneum when fractured, lacerating …………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBsZWZ0IGtpZG5leS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. are modified smooth muscles located in the media of the afferent arterioles and to lesser extend the efferent arterioles as they enter the glomeruli. These cells secrete renin. These cells act as baroreceptors and respond to changes in perfusion pressure and are stimulated by a decreased renal perfusion or by hypovolemia, to release renin.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEp1eHRhZ2xvbWVydWxhciBjZWxscy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. are modified tubular cells in the initial portion of distal convoluted tubule that comes in contact with the glomerulus. The macula densa is in close proximity to the JG cells. These cells monitor the composition of the fluid in the tubular lumen at this point (function as chemoreceptors that are stimulated by a decrease of NaCl load).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1hY3VsYSBkZW5zYS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Gynecologic procedures involving ligation of uterine vessels traveling in cardinal ligament may damage …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHVyZXRlciBjYXVzaW5nIHVyZXRlcmFsIG9ic3RydWN0aW9uIG9yIGxlYWsu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In a suprapubic cystostomy, the trocar and cannula pierce the aponeurosis of …………., along with the layers of the superficial fascia, transversalis fascia, and extraperitoneal fat.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBhYmRvbWluYWwgd2FsbCBtdXNjbGVzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The proximal 1/3 of the ureter receives its blood supply from branches of ………….. For this reason, this portion of the donor ureter is typically viable after renal transplantation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSByZW5hbCBhcnRlcnku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The kidneys secrete …………… hormone, which stimulates the production of RBC’s. Severe anemia develops in people with severe kidney disease as a result of decreased its production.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGVyeXRocm9wb2lldGluLg==[Qq]
[q] The kidney’s participate in the activation of ……………. by hydroxylating this vitamin at the number 1 position.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHZpdGFtaW4gRCAoMSwgMjUgZGloeWRyb3h5Y2hvbGVjYWxjaWZlcm9sKS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. can be measured by radiolabeled albumin.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBsYXNtYSB2b2x1bWUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………….. can be measured by inulin or mannitol.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4dHJhY2VsbHVsYXIgdm9sdW1lLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. is the filtration from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowman’s capsule of a fluid that is nearly free of proteins.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEdsb21lcnVsYXIgZmlsdHJhdGlvbi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………… It is the transfer of water and solutes from the filtrate back into the blood of peritubular capillaries.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFR1YnVsYXIgcmVhYnNvcnB0aW9uLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……………… = filtration rate – reabsorption rate + secretion rate
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFVyaW5lIGV4Y3JldGlvbiByYXRlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……………… = Ux (urine concentration of x) X (urine flow rate)
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4Y3JldGlvbiByYXRlIG9mIHN1YnN0YW5jZSB4Lg==[Qq]
[q] The macula densa monitor the delivery of NaCl as an index of GFR (chemoreceptors). Decreased NaCl → ……….. the afferent arteriole. Increased NaCl → …….. the afferent arteriole.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRpbGF0ZXMsIGNvbnN0cmljdHMu[Qq]
[q] ………. is formed of three layers: Fenestrated capillary endothelium, Basement membrane with type IV collagen chains and heparan sulfate, Visceral epithelial layer consisting of podocyte foot processes (FPs).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEdsb21lcnVsYXIgZmlsdHJhdGlvbiBiYXJyaWVyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] All 3 layers of Glomerular filtration barrier contain ⊝ charged glycoproteins that prevent entry of ⊝ charged molecules like …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBsYXNtYSBwcm90ZWlucyAoYWxidW1pbnMgYW5kIGdsb2J1bGlucyku[Qq]
[q] ……….. is a volume of fluid filtered into Bowman space per unit time (volume/time). A typical value for a healthy young individual is 120 ml/min or 180 L/day.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEdGUi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. is the only force that promotes filtration.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBoeWRyb3N0YXRpYyBwcmVzc3VyZSBvZiB0aGUgZ2xvbWVydWxhciBjYXBpbGxhcmllcy4=
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] …………… which opposes filtration will increase from the beginning to the end of the glomerular capillaries because ……….. will become more concentrated.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG9uY290aWMgcHJlc3N1cmUsIHBsYXNtYSBwcm90ZWlucy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… is a force that opposes filtration. Normally, it is low and fairly constant and does not affect the rate of filtration. However, it will increase and reduce filtration whenever there is an obstruction downstream, such as a blocked ureter or urethra (postrenal failure).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBoeWRyb3N0YXRpYyBwcmVzc3VyZSBpbiBCb3dtYW4mIzgyMTc7cyBjYXBzdWxlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. is the fraction of the plasma entering the kidney that is filtered usually expressed as a percentage.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZpbHRyYXRpb24gRnJhY3Rpb24gKEZGKS4=[Qq]
[q] Dilation of the afferent arteriole (increase or decrease) RBF, (increase or decrease) GFR, (increase or decrease) FF.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGluY3JlYXNlLCBpbmNyZWFzZSwgbm8gY2hhbmdlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Constriction of the efferent arteriole (increase or decrease) RBF, (increase or decrease) GFR, (increase or decrease) FF.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlLCBpbmNyZWFzZSwgaW5jcmVhc2Uu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Angiotensin II has a more pronounced constrictor action on the efferent arteriole. This (increase or decrease) RBF, (increase or decrease) GFR, (increase or decrease) FF.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlLCBpbmNyZWFzZSwgaW5jcmVhc2Uu
Cg==Lg==
Cg==[Qq]
[q] ………… = GFR x Px (plasma concentration of substance x).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZpbHRlcmVkIExvYWQ=[Qq]
[q] ……………… is a theoretical volume of plasma from which a substance is removed and excreted in the urine.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlbmFsIGNsZWFyYW5jZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The clearance of a substance can be used as an index of GFR and renal function if: It is freely filtered, not reabsorbed, secreted, or metabolized by the kidney. Substances that have these characteristics include ……………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGludWxpbiBhbmQgbWFubml0b2wu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. is Freely filtered, not reabsorbed, slightly secreted. Slightly overestimates GFR.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]wqBDcmVhdGluaW5lLg==[Qq]
[q] The relationship between serum creatinine and GFR is (linear or nonlinear)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG5vbmxpbmVhciByZWxhdGlvbnNoaXAuIFNlcnVtIGNyZWF0aW5pbmUgbGV2ZWxzIGJlZ2luIHRvIHJpc2Ugc2lnbmlmaWNhbnRseSBhcyB0aGUgR0ZSIGRlY2xpbmVzIHRvICZsdDs2MCBtTC9taW4u
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Substances that is freely filtered and completely reabsorbed. Clearance of this substance will be = ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDAu[Qq]
[q] Glucose is normally filtered at the glomerulus and completely reabsorbed by the proximal tubule. Inhibition of sodium-coupled, carrier-mediated transport of glucose by the proximal tubule would cause the glucose clearance to approach the value of …………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBHRlIu[Qq]
[q] Label the following in the graph below?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==MS4gRmlsdGVyZWQgbG9hZCBjdXJ2ZS4=
Cg==Mi4gUmVhYnNvcnB0aW9uIGN1cnZlLg==
[Qq]3. Excretion curve.
4. Glucose Renal threshold.
5. Splay curve.
6. transport maximum.
[q] ………….. is the plasma level at which glucose appears in the urine (beginning of splay).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlbmFsIHRocmVzaG9sZC4=[Qq]
[q] …………. is the rate of reabsorption when all the carriers are saturated (beyond splay on the plateau).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRtICh0cmFuc3BvcnQgbWF4aW11bSku[Qq]
[q] At low plasma levels, the clearance of PAH is a good index of ………..? And At high plasma levels, its clearance is a good index of …………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHJlbmFsIHBsYXNtYSBmbG93LCBHRlIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Label the following in the graph below?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==MS4gSW51bGluIG9yIG1hbm5pdG9sLg==
Cg==Mi4gY3JlYXRpbmluZS4=
[Qq]3. Glucose.
4. PAH.
[q] All substances reabsorbed in the proximal tubule depend directly or indirectly on the ……………….?. Complete inhibition of it means nothing is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5hL0stQVRQYXNlIHB1bXAu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] PTH inhibits ………… in PCT → ↑ PO4 excretion.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5hL1BPNCBjb3RyYW5zcG9ydC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] AT II stimulates ……….. → ↑ Na, H2O, and HCO3 reabsorption (permitting contraction alkalosis).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5hL0ggZXhjaGFuZ2Uu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Label the following in the graph below?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==MS4gUEFILg==
Cg==Mi4gQ3JlYXRpbmluZS4=
[Qq]3. Inulin.
4. Urea.
5. CL
6. K.
7. Na.
8. HCO3.
9. Amino acids.
10. Glucose.
[q] The descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to …………. via medullary hypertonicity, but most of the …….. are retained in the lumen → Makes urine hypertonic (Concentrating segment of the nephron).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHdhdGVyLCBlbGVjdHJvbHl0ZXMu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In the absence of ADH, tubular fluid is most concentrated at the end of …………….. .
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBkZXNjZW5kaW5nIGxpbWIgb2YgdGhlIGxvb3Agb2YgSGVubGUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The thick and thin ascending limbs of the loop of Henle are impermeable to …………….?. In the ascending limb, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid decreases due to passive reabsorption of ……….. in the thin region as well as active transport of electrolytes out of the lumen by ……… cotransporter in the thick portion.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHdhdGVyLCBOYUNJLCBOYS9LLzJDbC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. selectively inhibit the Na/K/2Cl cotransporter and reduce the positive luminal charge increasing the excretion of calcium and magnesium as well as the major electrolytes → Hypocalcemia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExvb3AgZGl1cmV0aWNzIChmdXJvc2VtaWRlKS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……………. inhibit the Nacl cotransporter mainly in the distal tubule which enhance Ca reabsorption by increasing the activity of ↑Ca/Na exchange.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoaWF6aWRlIGRpdXJldGljcy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] If the water intake of the individual is high, vasopressin secretion is (increased or decreased) and water permeability of the collecting duct system is (increased or decreased), producing (dilute or concentrated) urine.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlZCwgZGVjcmVhc2VkLCBkaWx1dGUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In case of Water deprivation, vasopressin secretion is (increased or decreased) and water permeability of the collecting duct system is (increased or decreased), producing (dilute or concentrated) urine.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGluY3JlYXNlZCwgaW5jcmVhc2VkLCBjb25jZW50cmF0ZWQu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] When the body has a net production of fixed inorganic acids, ………… secrete hydrogen into the luminal fluid and generate brand new bicarbonate which is then secreted into the general circulation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IM6xIGludGVyY2FsYXRlZCBjZWxscy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In a respiratory alkalosis, ………… secrete bicarbonate into the luminal fluid and hydrogen into the general circulation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IM6yIGludGVyY2FsYXRlZCBjZWxscy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………… are the primary mediators of K regulation?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBwcmluY2lwYWwgY2VsbHMgb2YgdGhlIGxhdGUgZGlzdGFsIGFuZCBjb3J0aWNhbCBjb2xsZWN0aW5nIHR1YnVsZXMu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In the presence of ADH: …………… contain the most concentrated fluid in the nephron, while …………. contain the most dilute fluid.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBjb2xsZWN0aW5nIGR1Y3RzLCB0aGUgdGhpY2sgYXNjZW5kaW5nIGxpbWIgb2YgdGhlIGxvb3Agb2YgSGVubGUgYW5kIGRpc3RhbCBjb252b2x1dGVkIHR1YnVsZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In the absence of ADH: the tubular fluid is most concentrated at …………….. and most dilute in ……………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSB0aXAgb2YgdGhlIGxvb3Agb2YgSGVubGUsIHRoZSBjb2xsZWN0aW5nIGR1Y3RzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Skeletal muscle weakness, arrhythmia, prominent U waves, and depressed T waves in ECG are consequences of …………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh5cG9rYWxlbWlhLg==[Qq]
[q] ↑ Insulin, catecholamines and β-adrenergic agonists cause (Hypokalemia or hyperkalemia) due to ↑ Na/K ATPase activity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh5cG9rYWxlbWlhLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Metabolic alkalosis is associated with (Hypokalemia or hyperkalemia), but Metabolic acidosis is associated with (Hypokalemia or hyperkalemia).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh5cG9rYWxlbWlhLCBoeXBlcmthbGVtaWEu
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Skeletal muscle weakness, arrhythmia, hyperacute T wave in ECG are consequences of …………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh5cGVya2FsZW1pYS4=[Qq]
[q] Hypoaldosteronism (ACE inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics) cause (Hypokalemia or hyperkalemia).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGh5cGVya2FsZW1pYS4=[Qq]
[q] …………. is released by interstitial fibroblast cells in peritubular capillary bed in response to hypoxia. It acts on erythrocyte precursor cells in the bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell production.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEVyeXRocm9wb2lldGluLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.
[q] Identify the following acid-base disturbance:
Low pH, Low HCO3, Low Pco2?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1ldGFib2xpYyBhY2lkb3NpcyB3aXRoIHJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IGNvbXBlbnNhdGlvbi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Identify the following acid-base disturbance:
Low pH, high HCO3, high Pco2?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENocm9uaWMgUmVzcGlyYXRvcnkgYWNpZG9zaXMu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Identify the following acid-base disturbance:
high pH, high HCO3, high Pco2?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1ldGFib2xpYyBhbGthbG9zaXMgd2l0aCByZXNwaXJhdG9yeSBjb21wZW5zYXRpb24u
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Identify the following acid-base disturbance:
High pH, Low HCO3, Low Pco2?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENocm9uaWMgUmVzcGlyYXRvcnkgYWxrYWxvc2lzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Identify the following acid-base disturbance:
Normal pH, Low HCO3, Low Pco2?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1peGVkIHJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IGFsa2Fsb3NpcyBhbmQgbWV0YWJvbGljIGFjaWRvc2lzIGR1ZSB0byBhc3BpcmluIHRveGljaXR5Lg==[Qq]
[q] Renal tubular acidosis and diarrhea are examples of (High, normal) anion gap metabolic acidosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vcm1hbCBhbmlvbiBnYXAgbWV0YWJvbGljIGFjaWRvc2lzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Diabetic ketoacidosis, Lactic acidosis, and uremia are examples of (High, normal) anion gap metabolic acidosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhpZ2ggYW5pb24gZ2FwIG1ldGFib2xpYyBhY2lkb3Npcy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……… and ……… are examples of contraction alkalosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHZvbWl0aW5nIGFuZCBkdWlyZXRpY3MgdXNlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Normal PaCO2 in patient with metabolic acidosis indicates ………. ?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG1peGVkIGFjaWQtYmFzZSBkaXN0dXJiYW5jZSBjb25zaXN0aW5nIG9mIG1ldGFib2xpYyBhbmQgcmVzcGlyYXRvcnkgYWNpZG9zaXMu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Checking the patient’s volume status and ……. are important steps in the workup of metabolic alkalosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSB1cmluZSBjaGxvcmlkZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Name the following labels:
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==QS4gY2hyb25pYyByZXNwaXJhdG9yeSBhY2lkb3Npcy4=
Cg==Qi4gQWN1dGUgcmVzcGlyYXRvcnkgYWNpZG9zaXMu
[Qq]C. Normal acid-base values.
D. Acute respiratory alkalosis.
E. Metabolic acidosis.
[q] Hematuria (cola coloured urine), RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine, oliguria, azotemia, Proteinuria in the subnephrotic range (< 3.5 g/day), periorbita edema, and hypertension are findings characteristic for (Nephritic or Nephrotic) syndrome?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5lcGhyaXRpYyBzeW5kcm9tZS4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
8 years old child presenting with Hematuria (cola coloured urine), RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine, Proteinuria in the subnephrotic range (< 3.5 g/day), and hypertension 3 weeks after pharyngitis + Serology findings: High ASO titers with ↓ complement levels (C3) and normal C4 levels + LM shows enlarged, hypercellular glomeruli + E.M shows subepithelial humps + IF shows “starry sky” granular appearance?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjdXRlIHBvc3RzdHJlcHRvY29jY2FsIGdsb21lcnVsb25lcGhyaXRpcy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. is the most important prognostic factor in patients with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFnZS4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
40 years old female with history of systemic lupus Erythematosus presenting with Hematuria (cola coloured urine), RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine, Proteinuria in the subnephrotic range (< 3.5 g/day), and hypertension + Light microscopy shows inflammation with hypercellularity involving more than 50% of the glomeruli with wire looping + Electron microscope shows subendothelial and sometimes intramembranous IgG-based ICs + IF shows granular IC deposits?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpZmZ1c2UgcHJvbGlmZXJhdGl2ZSBnbG9tZXJ1bG9uZXBocml0aXMgKERQR04pLg==[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
8 years old child presenting with Hematuria (cola coloured urine), RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine, Proteinuria in the subnephrotic range (< 3.5 g/day), and hypertension 3 days after upper respiratory tract infection + Mother reported that the child had the same episode of hematuria 6 months ago + serology shows normal serum complement levels + Light microscope shows mesangial proliferation + Electron microscope shows mesangial IC deposition + IF shows IgA-based IC deposits in mesangium?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElnQSBuZXBocm9wYXRoeSAoQmVyZ2VyIGRpc2Vhc2UpLg==[Qq]
[q] When IgA nephropathy is accompanied by extrarenal symptoms (abdominal pain, purpuric skin lesions), the diagnosis is ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhlbm9jaC1TY2hvbmxlaW4gcHVycHVyYS4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
8 years old child presenting with Hematuria (cola coloured urine), RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine, Proteinuria in the subnephrotic range (< 3.5 g/day), hearing loss, blindness + basket weave appearance on electron microscope?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFscG9ydCBzeW5kcm9tZS4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
23 years old child presenting with Hematuria (cola coloured urine), hemoptysis after viral respiratory infection + Light microscope shows Crescent moon shape + Electron microscope shows linear deposits of IgG and C3 along the glomerular basement membrane + IF shows linear IC deposits?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFR5cGUgMSBSUEdOIChHb29kcGFzdHVyZSBzeW5kcm9tZSku[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
23 years old child presenting with Hematuria (cola coloured urine), hemoptysis, cough, dysnea, and nasopharyngeal ulcer + Light microscope shows Crescent moon shape + there are no immunoglobulins or complement deposits found by immunofluorescent studies + serology shows CANCA positive antibodies?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEdyYW51bG9tYXRvc2lzIHdpdGggcG9seWFuZ2lpdGlzIChXZWdlbmVyJiM4MjE3O3MpLg==[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
23 years old child presenting with Hematuria (cola coloured urine), hemoptysis, cough, dysnea + Light microscope shows Crescent moon shape + there are no immunoglobulins or complement deposits found by immunofluorescent studies + serology shows PANCA positive antibodies?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1pY3Jvc2NvcGljIHBvbHlhbmdpaXRpcy4=[Qq]
[q] Massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), frothy urine, hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria and fatty casts in the urine are findings characteristic for (Nephritic or Nephrotic) syndrome?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5lcGhyb3RpYyBzeW5kcm9tZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
10 years old child presenting with selective proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), frothy urine, hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria and fatty casts in the urine after exposure to bee sting in the garden + light microscopy shows normal glomeruli + Electron microscope shows normal glomeruli + Electron microscope shows a diffuse effacement of the foot processes of podocytes found on electron microscopy + IF fails to reveal any immunoglobulin or complement deposits?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1pbmltYWwgY2hhbmdlIGRpc2Vhc2UgKGxpcG9pZCBuZXBocm9zaXMpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
33 years old patient with history of HIV presenting with selective proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), frothy urine, hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria and fatty casts in the urine + light microscopy shows segmental sclerosis that involves less than 50% of the glomeruli + Electron microscope shows effacement of foot process?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZvY2FsIHNlZ21lbnRhbCBnbG9tZXJ1bG9zY2xlcm9zaXMgKEZTR1MpLg==[Qq]
[q] ……………… is associated with circulating lgG4 antibodies to the phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R is a transmembrane receptor found in high concentrations in glomerular podocytes), which might play a role in the development of the disease.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElkaW9wYXRoaWMgbWVtYnJhbm91cyBuZXBocm9wYXRoeS4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
33 years old patient with history of SLE presenting with selective proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), frothy urine, hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria and fatty casts in the urine + light microscopy shows diffuse capillary and GBM thickening + Electron microscope shows spike and dome appearance + IF shows granular IC deposits?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1lbWJyYW5vdXMgbmVwaHJvcGF0aHku[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
33 years old patient with history of Hepatitis C presenting with selective proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), frothy urine, hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria and fatty casts in the urine + Electron microscopy shows subendothelial IC with “tram-track” on H&E and PAS E stains + granular IF?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1lbWJyYW5vcHJvbGlmZXJhdGl2ZSBnbG9tZXJ1bG9uZXBocml0aXMgKFR5cGUgSSku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
33 years old patient with history of Rheumatoid arthritis presenting with selective proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), frothy urine, hypoalbuminemia (<2.5 g/dL), generalized edema, hyperlipidemia, lipiduria and fatty casts in the urine + Light microscopy shows Congo red stain shows apple-green birefringence under polarized light?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFteWxvaWRvc2lzLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. is the morphologic sign that is pathognomonic for diabetic nephropathy.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5vZHVsYXIgZ2xvbWVydWxvc2NsZXJvc2lzIChLaW1tZWxzdGllbC1XaWxzb24gZGlzZWFzZSku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Early detection of evolving diabetic nephropathy is accomplished by screening for ………… which is defined as 30 to 300 mg/day in a 24-h collection or 30 to 300 micrograms of protein per milligram of creatinine in a spot collection.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG1pY3JvYWxidW1pbnVyaWEu[Qq]
[q] By increasing …………….., patients can help prevent the formation of all types of renal calculi, thus preventing stone formation?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGZsdWlkIGludGFrZS4=[Qq]
[q] The most common type of kidney stones is ………………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENhbGNpdW0gb3hhbGF0ZSBhbmQvIG9yIGNhbGNpdW0gcGhvc3BoYXRlLg==[Qq]
[q] Most common cause of calcium kidney stones is ………… In this condition, there is an increased concentration of calcium in urine, with (normal or low or high) serum calcium levels?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGlkaW9wYXRoaWMgaHlwZXJjYWxjaXVyaWEsIG5vcm1hbCAobm9ybW9jYWxjZW1pYSwgaHlwZXJjYWxjaXVyaWEpLg==[Qq]
[q] Calcium oxalate can be Precipitated with (hypocitraturia or hypercitrauria).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGh5cG9jaXRyYXR1cmlhLiBBIGhpZ2ggdXJpbmUgY2l0cmF0ZSBjb25jZW50cmF0aW9uIGhhcyBhIHN0b25lLXByZXZlbnRpbmcgZWZmZWN0LCBhcyBjaXRyYXRlIGJpbmRzIHRvIGZyZWUgKGlvbml6ZWQpIGNhbGNpdW0sIHByZXZlbnRpbmcgaXRzIHByZWNpcGl0YXRpb24gYW5kIGZhY2lsaXRhdGluZyBpdHMgZXhjcmV0aW9uLiBQb3Rhc3NpdW0gY2l0cmF0ZSBpcyBvZnRlbiBwcmVzY3JpYmVkIHRvIHByZXZlbnQgcmVjdXJyZW50IGNhbGNpdW0gc3RvbmVzIGluIGFkdWx0cyB3aGVuIGRpZXRhcnkgbW9kaWZpY2F0aW9ucyBhcmUgdW5zdWNjZXNzZnVsLg==[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
30 years old patient presenting with unilateral flank pain, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria. Abdominal xray shows kidney stones in the right ureter. Crystal shape under microscope looks like envelope?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENhbGNpdW0ga2lkbmV5IHN0b25lLg==[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
30 years old patient presenting with unilateral flank pain, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria. The patient has history of recurrent urinary tract infection with klebsilla. Abdominal xray shows kidney stones in the right ureter. Crystal shape under microscope is coffin lid?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN0cnV2aXRlIGtpZG5leSBzdG9uZSAoQW1tb25pdW0sIG1hZ25lc2l1bSwgcGhvc3BoYXRlKS4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
14 years old patient presenting with unilateral flank pain, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria. The patient has history of leukemia for which he is taking chemotherapy. Xray was negative but ultrasound shows stones in left ureter. Crystal shape under microscope is Rhomboid shaped?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFVyaWMgYWNpZCBraWRuZXkgc3RvbmVzLg==[Qq]
[q] (Alkalinization or acidification of urine) make uric acid and cystine more soluble in the urine.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGFsa2FsaW5pemF0aW9uIG9mIHVyaW5lIChwb3Rhc3NpdW0gYmljYXJib25hdGUpLg==[Qq]
[q] The lowest pH along the nephron is found in ………………; so these are the segments of the nephron that become obstructed by uric acid crystals.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBkaXN0YWwgdHVidWxlcyBhbmQgY29sbGVjdGluZyBkdWN0cy4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
8 years old child presenting with unilateral flank pain, colicky pain radiating to groin, and hematuria. He has history of recurrent stones since childhood. Crystal shape under microscope is hexagonal. Sodium cyanide nitroprusside test ⊕.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEN5c3RpbmUga2lkbmV5IHN0b25lcy4=[Qq]
[q] Recurrent nephrolithiasis in a young patient should alert you to the possibility of an inborn error of metabolism like ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGN5c3RpbnVyaWEu[Qq]
[q] Staghorn calculi in adults most probably ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHN0cnV2aXRlIHN0b25lcy4=[Qq]
[q] Staghorn calculi in children most probably ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGN5c3RpbnVyaWEu[Qq]
[q] In older males, ………….. is the most common cause of urinary obstruction leading to hydronephrosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGJlbmlnbiBwcm9zdGF0aWMgaHlwZXJwbGFzaWEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. is the most common pediatric urologic problem and is present in ~30%-45% of children with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFZlc2ljb3VyZXRlcmFsIHJlZmx1eC4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
3 years old child presenting with chronic pyelonephritis due to recurrent attacks of UTIs, ultrasound shows abnormal anatomic abnormality and focal parenchymal scarring of the kidney, most commonly at the upper and lower poles of the kidney?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFZlc2ljb3VyZXRlcmFsIHJlZmx1eC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
65 years old female presenting with urine incontinence when intraabdominal pressure increases (coughing and sneezing). ⊕ bladder stress test (directly observed leakage from urethra upon coughing or Valsalva maneuver)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN0cmVzcyBJbmNvbnRpbmVuY2UuIEluanVyeSB0byB0aGUgcGVsdmljIGZsb29yIG11c2NsZXMgY2FuIHJlc3VsdCBpbiB1cmV0aHJhbCBoeXBlcm1vYmlsaXR5IGFuZCB1cmV0aHJhbCBwcm9sYXBzZSBvdXQgb2YgdGhlIHBlbHZpcyDihpIgdXJldGhyYWwgc3BoaW5jdGVyIGR5c2Z1bmN0aW9uLg==
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Pelvic floor muscle strengthening (Kegel) exercises which targets the levator ani muscle to improve support around the urethra and bladder can improve the symptoms of which type of incontinence?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN0cmVzcyBJbmNvbnRpbmVuY2Uu[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
43 years old female with history of multiple sclerosis presenting with immediate urge to void followed by urine incontinence that cannot be voluntarily suppressed. Urodynamic studies show little or no residual urine after emptying?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFVyZ2UgKEh5cGVydG9uaWMpIEluY29udGluZW5jZS4=
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
43 years old female with history of DM involuntary urine loss occurs but only until the bladder pressure equals urethral pressure. Urodynamic studies show ↑ postvoid residual volume.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE92ZXJmbG93IChIeXBvdG9uaWMpIEluY29udGluZW5jZS4=
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
24 years old patient presenting with dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain and tenderness. Urinalysis shows cloudy urine with> 10 WBCs/high power field (hpf). Dipstick is Positive leukocyte esterase (due to pyuria) and nitrites?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEN5c3RpdGlzLg==[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
24 years old patient presenting with dysuria, urinary frequency, urgency, flank and abdominal pain, fever, shaking chills, nausea, and vomiting. Urinalysis shows pyuria, WBC casts, and bacteriuria. Microscopic presentation shows massive infiltration of the interstitium by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) as well as a large number of neutrophils in the tubular lumina (arrows)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjdXRlIHB5ZWxvbmVwaHJpdGlzLg==[Qq]
[q] Atrophic tubules containing eosinophilic proteinaceous material resemble thyroid follicles (thyroidization of the kidney); waxy casts may be seen in urine of patients with ………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENocm9uaWMgcHllbG9uZXBocml0aXMu[Qq]
[q] ………….. is a rare, grossly orange nodules that can mimic tumor nodules; characterized by widespread kidney damage due to granulomatous tissue containing foamy macrophages.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFhhbnRob2dyYW51bG9tYXRvdXMgcHllbG9uZXBocml0aXMu[Qq]
[q] ………….. is a common cause of Acute Renal Failure that occurs due to decreased blood flow to kidneys. Lab findings show: serum BUN:Cr ratio> 20, urine Na (mEq/L): <20, EENa: <1%, and urine osmolarity (mOsm/kg): ˃ 500?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByZXJlbmFsIGF6b3RlbWlhLg==[Qq]
[q] …………. is a common cause of Acute Renal Failure that occurs due to obstruction of urinary tract downstream from the kidney (bilateral). Lab findings show: serum BUN:Cr ratio> 20, urine Na (mEq/L): <20, EENa: <1%, and urine osmolarity (mOsm/kg): ˃ 500?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBvc3RyZW5hbCBhem90ZW1pYSAoZWFybHkgc3RhZ2UpLg==[Qq]
[q] …………. is a common cause of Acute Renal Failure that occurs due to acute tubular necrosis . Lab findings show: serum BUN:Cr ratio <15, urine Na (mEq/L): >40, EENa: >2%, and urine osmolarity (mOsm/kg): <350?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEludHJhcmVuYWwgYXpvdGVtaWEu[Qq]
[q] Patients with intravascular volume depletion (congestive heart failure, diarrhea, excessive diuresis) and chronic kidney disease depend on renal prostaglandin production to dilate the afferent glomerular arteriole and maintain the glomerular filtration rate. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, which can cause ………….. in at-risk patients.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHByZXJlbmFsIGF6b3RlbWlhLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. is the most common cause of acute renal failure (intrarenal azotemia).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjdXRlIHR1YnVsYXIgbmVjcm9zaXMu[Qq]
[q] When the cause of prerenal azotemia persists, it can presents with clinical findings of ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElzY2hlbWljIEFjdXRlIHR1YnVsYXIgbmVjcm9zaXMu[Qq]
[q] Renal ischemia triggers hypoxic changes in tubular epithelial cells especially in …………….. decreasing their functional capacity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHByb3hpbWFsIHR1YnVsZXMgYW5kIHRoZSB0aGljayBhc2NlbmRpbmcgbGltYiBvZiBIZW5sZSYjODIxNztzIGxvb3Au
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Toxic agents (aminoglycosides, lead, myoglobinuria, ethylene glycol, radiocontrast dye, and urate) to renal tubules are particularly susceptible to …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByb3hpbWFsIHR1YnVsZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The ………… phase of acute tubular necrosis corresponds to the original insult (ischemia or toxicity). In this phase renal tubule cell damage begins to evolve, but is not yet established, during this phase GFR starts to fall, and urine output decreases.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBpbml0aWF0aW9uIHBoYXNlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The ………… phase of acute tubular necrosis corresponds to established injury. In this phase the GFR stabilizes at a level well below normal, and urine output is low/absent. This phase usually lasts for 1 – 3 weeks. There is a risk of hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and uremia. Light microscopy in this stage shows granular casts in the tubular lumina.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBtYWludGVuYW5jZSAob2xpZ3VyaWMpIHBoYXNlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The ………… phase of acute tubular necrosis corresponds to tubular re-epithelization and regain of renal function. This phase is characterized by abnormal diuresis due to increased GFR with abnormal tubular activity —-> volume and electrolytes depletion (polyuria, hypokalemia, and dehydration).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSByZWNvdmVyeSAocG9seXVyaWMpIHBoYXNlIG9mIEFUTi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed from the Gl tract and metabolized to:
…………… → precipitates as calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tubules.
…………… → toxic to renal tubules.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE94YWxpYyBhY2lkLCBHbHljb2xpYyBhY2lkLg==[Qq]
[q] Positive blood on urine dipstick (a reaction that detects the heme pigment in both hemoglobin and myoglobin) in the absence of red blood cells on microscopic urinalysis of patient exposed to crush injury suggests ………………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG15b2dsb2JpbnVyaWEu[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
32 years old patient present with fever, maculopapular rash and symptoms of acute renal failure one to three weeks after beginning treatment with sulfonamides + increased levels of eosinophils and IgE in serum + Lab findings show: serum BUN:Cr ratio <15, urine Na (mEq/L): >40, EENa: >2%, and urine osmolarity (mOsm/kg): <350?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjdXRlIGludGVyc3RpdGlhbCBuZXBocml0aXMu[Qq]
[q] NSAID-associated chronic renal injury is morphologically characterized by …………………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBhcGlsbGFyeSBuZWNyb3NpcyBhbmQgY2hyb25pYyBpbnRlcnN0aXRpYWwgbmVwaHJpdGlzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Acute colicky flank pain with abrupt onset of gross hematuria in a patient with family history of sickle cell disease suggests …………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHJlbmFsIHBhcGlsbGFyeSBuZWNyb3Npcy4=[Qq]
[q] ………………. is generalized dysfunction of proximal tubule cells of unclear cause. It presents with polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia and hypocalcemia and type II renal tubular acidosis. Abnormal bone formation with resultant growth impairment and failure to thrive. The bone defects result from acidosis, hypophosphatemia, and hypocalcemia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZhbmNvbmkgU3luZHJvbWUu[Qq]
[q] …………….. is an inherited (Autosomal recessive) tubular defect of the sodium and chloride reabsorption in the thick ascending limb of the Henle loop (Affects Na/K/2Cl) cotransporter. Presents similarly to chronic loop diuretic use. Activated RAAS due to hypovolemia causes an increase in potassium and hydrogen ion secretion, leading to hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis with hypercalciuria.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJhcnR0ZXIgc3luZHJvbWUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………….. is an inherited (Autosomal recessive) tubular defect of the NaCl in DCT. Presents similarly to lifelong thiazide diuretics. Activated RAAS due to hypovolemia causes an increase in potassium and hydrogen ion secretion, leading to hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Other electrolytes abnormalities are hypomagnesemia, and hypocalciuria.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEdpdGVsbG1hbiBzeW5kcm9tZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………….. is an inherited (Autosomal dominant) tubular defect that lead to ↑ activity of epithelial Na channel in collecting tubules —> ↑ Na reabsorption. Presents like hyperaldosteronism, but aldosterone is nearly undetectable (hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, ↓ aldosterone). It can be treated with amiloride (by blocking Na channels in the cortical collecting tubule).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExpZGRsZSBzeW5kcm9tZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………….. results from mutations in the gene which encodes the kidney isozyme of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) that normally inactivates circulating cortisol to the less-active metabolite cortisone (inactive on the mineralocorticoid receptors). Presents with symptoms of hyperaldosteronism although low aldosterone level (hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN5bmRyb21lIG9mIEFwcGFyZW50IE1pbmVyYWxvY29ydGljb2lkIEV4Y2Vzcy4gQ29ydGlzb2wgdHJpZXMgdG8gYmUgdGhlIFNBTUUgYXMgYWxkb3N0ZXJvbmUu[Qq]
[q] …………… is a defect in ability of α intercalated cells to secrete H and regenerate HCO3 —> metabolic acidosis but an inappropriately high urine pH and hypokalemia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpc3RhbCByZW5hbCBUdWJ1bGFyIEFjaWRvc2lzIChUeXBlIEkpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. is a defect in PCT HCO3 reabsorption –> ↑ excretion of HCO3 in urine and subsequent metabolic acidosis with hypokalemia and acidified urine.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByb3hpbWFsIHJlbmFsIFR1YnVsYXIgKEFjaWRvc2lzIFR5cGUgSUkpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. is a type of renal tubular acidosis due to hypoaldosteronism or aldosterone resistance —> hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, and acidified urine.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh5cGVya2FsZW1pYyByZW5hbCB0dWJ1bGFyIGFjaWRvc2lzICh0eXBlIDQpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
53 years old patient presenting with hypertension, abdominal and flank pain, gross hematuria + abdominal ultrasound shows bilateral multiple cyst in both kidney and multiple cysts in the liver?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF1dG9zb21hbCBkb21pbmFudCBwb2x5Y3lzdGljIGtpZG5leSBkaXNlYXNlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
1 year old infant presenting with systemic hypertension, progressive renal insufficiency, and portal hypertension from congenital hepatic fibrosis + History of prenatal oligohydramnios?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF1dG9zb21hbCByZWNlc3NpdmUgcG9seWN5c3RpYyBraWRuZXkgZGlzZWFzZS4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
60 years old patient with history of hypertension, DM presenting with ischemic stroke, symptoms of acute kidney injury, reticular, lacy skin discoloration/erythema that blanches on pressure + fundus examination shows bright, yellow, refractile plaques in the retinal artery + Renal biopsy shows needle-shaped cholesterol crystals that partially or completely obstruct renal arterioles weeks after after cardiac catheterization?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEF0aGVyb2VtYm9saWMgcmVuYWwgZGlzZWFzZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………………. is the most common renal neoplasm, accounting for approximately 70% of all kidney tumors.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlbmFsIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hIChSQ0MpLg==[Qq]
[q] Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) usually originate from the epithelium of the …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHByb3hpbWFsIHJlbmFsIHR1YnVsZXMu[Qq]
[q] Microscopically, clear cell carcinoma (the most common subtype of RCC) appears as cuboidal or polygonal cells with clear abundant cytoplasm and eccentric nuclei. The cytoplasm appears clear due to …………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBoaWdoIGdseWNvZ2VuIGFuZCBsaXBpZCBjb250ZW50IG9mIHRoZSB0dW1vciB0aGF0IGRpc3NvbHZlcyBkdXJpbmcgdGlzc3VlIHByZXBhcmF0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] Sporadic tumors of Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) classically arise in adult males (average age is 60 years) as (single or bilateral) tumor in the (superior or inferior) pole of the kidney; major risk factor for sporadic tumors is ……………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNpbmdsZSwgc3VwZXJpb3IsIHNtb2tpbmcu[Qq]
[q] Hereditary tumors of Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arise in younger adults and are often (single or bilateral).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGJpbGF0ZXJhbC4=[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
64 years old patient presenting with hematuria, flank pain, and palpable abdominal mass + Lab findings shows: Hb= 19 gram and hypercalcemia + ultrasound shows a single mass in the superior pole of the left kideny?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlbmFsIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]
[q] Involvement of the left renal vein by Renal cell carcinoma blocks drainage of the left spermatic vein leading to …………..? and inferior vena cava obstruction can occur by intraluminal extension of the tumor leading to ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHZhcmljb2NlbGUsIHN5bW1ldHJpYyBiaWxhdGVyYWwgbG93ZXIgZXh0cmVtaXR5IGVkZW1hLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Renal cell carcinoma hematogenously spread. ……….. are the most common site found in about half of all cases of disseminated disease. …….. metastases are the next most common?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSBsdW5ncywgQm9uZS4=[Qq]
[q] Immunotherapy using …………. are used for advanced/metastatic cases of Renal cell carcinoma.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGFsZGVzbGV1a2luLg==[Qq]
[q] ………… is a benign epithelial cell tumor arising from collecting ducts. It presents with painless hematuria, flank pain, abdominal mass. Histology shows large eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria (oncocytes) without perinuclear clearing (vs chromophobe renal cell carcinoma).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlbmFsIG9uY29jeXRvbWEu[Qq]
[q] Whats is the most likely diagnosis?
3 years old child presenting with fever, firm, smooth, unilateral abdominal mass that doesn’t cross the midline and hematuria, and hematuria?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFdpbG1zIHR1bW9yLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… is the most common renal malignancy of early childhood (ages 2-4).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFdpbG1zIHR1bW9yLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Gross painless hematuria in an older adult should be considered a sign of ……….. cancer until proven otherwise.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHVyb3RoZWxpYWwu[Qq]
[q] ………… is the major determinant of prognosis of bladder carcinoma.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFR1bW9yIHBlbmV0cmF0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSBibGFkZGVyIHdhbGwu[Qq]
[q] Risk factors for urothelial (Transitional) cell carcinoma are …………….?, while risk factors for Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder are ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IChQaGVuYWNldGluLCBTbW9raW5nLCBBbmlsaW5lIGR5ZXMsIGFuZCBDeWNsb3Bob3NwaGFtaWRlKS4gU2NoaXN0b3NvbWEgaGFlbWF0b2JpdW0gaW5mZWN0aW9uIChjaHJvbmljIGN5c3RpdGlzLCBzbW9raW5nLCBjaHJvbmljIG5lcGhyb2xpdGhpYXNpcyku[Qq]
[q] ……….. is an osmotic diuretic that works by increasing plasma or tubular fluid osmolality which causes extraction of water from the interstitial space into the vascular space or tubular lumen, with subsequent diuresis. Can be used for drug overdose, elevated intracranial/intraocular pressure.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1hbm5pdG9sLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Osmotic diuretics should be cautiously used in high-risk patients, such as those with ……………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGNvbmdlc3RpdmUgaGVhcnQgZmFpbHVyZSAoQ0hGKSBvciBwcmVleGlzdGluZyBwdWxtb25hcnkgZWRlbWEu[Qq]
[q] ………….. is a Carbonic anhydrase inhibitior which results in ↓ H formation inside PCT cell → ↓Na/H antiport → ↑ Na and HCO3 in lumen → ↑ diuresis. It aslo decreases the CSF and aquous humor production. Can be used for treatment of Glaucoma, and Altitude sickness and cause hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, proximal renal tubular acidosis, and NH3 toxicity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjZXRhem9sYW1pZGUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… works by Na/K/2Cl transporter inhibition in thick ascending limb of loop of Henle which results in↓ intracellular K —> ↓ back diffusion of K —> ↓ positive potential —> ↓ reabsorption of Ca and Mg –> ↑diuresis. Can be used for treatment of edematous states (HF, cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, pulmonary edema), Hypertension, Hypercalcemia. And cause ototoxicity, hypokalemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, and hyperuricemia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExvb3AgZGl1cmV0aWNzIChGdXJvc2VtaWRlLCB0b3JzZW1pZGUsIGJ1bWV0YW5pZGUpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………………. are the agent of choice in the acute setting of pulmonary edema, as they provide the maximum amount of diuresis in the shortest period of time.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExvb3AgZGl1cmV0aWNzLg==[Qq]
[q] Of the loop diuretics, ……….. appears to have the greatest risk for ototoxicity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGV0aGFjcnluaWMgYWNpZC4=[Qq]
[q] ………… is a non-sulfonamide inhibitor of cotransport system (Na/K/2Cl) of thick ascending limb of loop of Henle that can be used in patients allergic to sulfa drugs.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEV0aGFjcnluaWMgYWNpZC4=[Qq]
[q] ……….. works by Na/Cl transporter inhibition in the distal convoluted tubules which results in ↑ luminal Na and Cl in DCT –> ↑ diuresis. Can be used for treatment of Hypertension, HF, Idiopathic hypercalciuria and recurrent calcium kidney stones (hypocalcuria), Osteoporosis, and Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. And cause HyperGlycemia, HyperLipidemia, HyperUricemia, hyperuricemia, HyperCalcemia, and Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoaWF6aWRlIGRpdXJldGljcyAoaHlkcm9jaGxvcm90aGlhemlkZSwgY2hsb3J0aGFsaWRvbmUsIGluZGFwYW1pZGUsIGFuZCBtZXRvbGF6b25lKS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In patients with recurrent calcium-based nephrolithiasis, ……… diuretics can help prevent stone formation by decreasing urine Ca excretion.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoaWF6aWRlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… are competitive aldosterone receptor antagonists in cortical collecting tubule with very mild diuretic effects, but ……….. act at the same part of the tubule by blocking Na channels in the cortical collecting tubule.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNwaXJvbm9sYWN0b25lIGFuZCBlcGxlcmVub25lLCBUcmlhbXRlcmVuZSBhbmQgYW1pbG9yaWRlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… is a newer and more selective aldosterone antagonist that may produce less endocrine effects than spironolactone.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEVwbGVyZW5vbmUu[Qq]
[q] Based on results from the RALES trial, addition of low dose ……….. to standard therapy (ACEIs, digoxin, a diuretic), significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in class III and IV heart failure patients.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNwaXJvbm9sYWN0b25lLg==[Qq]
[q] Lithium therapy reduces the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine primarily by antagonizing the action of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in the ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGNvbGxlY3RpbmcgdHVidWxlcy4=[Qq]
[q] Diuretics that cause ………….. increase the risk of digoxin toxicity (because K and digoxin work on the same site).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGh5cG9rYWxlbWlhLg==[Qq]
[q] ………. diuretics cause hypercalcemia; but ……….. diuretics cause hypocalcemia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoaWF6aWRlLCBsb29wLg==[Qq]
[q] Levels of renin (increase or decrease) after use of ACEI.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGluY3JlYXNlIGR1ZSB0byBsb3NzIG9mIG5lZ2F0aXZlIGZlZWRiYWNrLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. cause cough, angiodema, hyperkalemia as side effects.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFuZ2lvdGVuc2luIGNvbnZlcnRpbmcgZW56eW1lIGluaGliaXRvcnMu[Qq]
[q] ……….. is used with caution in bilateral renal artery stenosis, because it will further ↓ GFR –> acute renal failure.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFDRSBpbmhpYml0b3JzLg==[Qq]
[q] Initiation of ACE inhibitor therapy causes abrupt removal of the vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin II, resulting in decreased peripheral vascular tone and a precipitous drop in blood pressure in susceptible patients (on diuretics). To prevent the development of first-dose hypotension, therapy should be …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHN0YXJ0ZWQgYXQgbG93IGRvc2VzIGFuZCBzbG93bHkgdGl0cmF0ZWQgdXB3YXJkIGFzIG5lZWRlZC4=[Qq]
[q] ………… selectively block binding of angiotensin II to AT1 receptor. Effects similar to ACE inhibitors, but do not increase bradykinin. Can be used for patients intolerate to ACE inhibitors (cough, angioedema).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFuZ2lvdGVuc2luIElJIHJlY2VwdG9yIGJsb2NrZXJzIChMb3NhcnRhbiwgY2FuZGVzYXJ0YW4sIHZhbHNhcnRhbiku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… is a direct renin inhibitor, blocks conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Same results as ACEIs on BP mechanisms, but does not interfere with bradykinin degradation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFsaXNraXJlbi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][x][restart]
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