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[h] Neurology System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] There are two main type of cells that make up the nervous system → …….. and ……..?

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[q] ………… is a signal-transmitting cells of the nervous system and tumors arising from it are synaptophysin positive.

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[q] ………… is the most common glial cell type in CNS, important for repair after cerebral infarction by forming glial scar, derived from neuroectoderm, its foot processes participate in forming blood brain barrier, and tumors arising from it are GFAP (glial fibrillary acid protein) positive.

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[q] ……………..  is the phagocytic scavenger cells of CNS and is derived from mesodermal origin, and when infected by HIV —> it fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS seen in HIV-associated dementia.

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[q] ………… is a ciliated simple columnar glial cells line the ventricles and central canal of spinal cord that have a role in CSF formation, circulation and absorption.

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[q] Demyelination of the axons in demyelinating diseases (increases or decreases) length constant (a measure of how long the depolarization signal can propagate) and (increases or decreases) time constant (time needed to propagate the action potential)?

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[q] …………. is the cells that myelinate of axons of neurons in PNS, each schwann cell myelinates only 1 PNS axon, derived from neural crest, and may be injured in Guillain-Barre syndrome.

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[q] …………. is the cells that myelinate axons of neurons in CNS, each cell can myelinate many axons, derived from neuroectoderm, and may be injured in multiple sclerosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), leukodystrophy.

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[f]IE9saWdvZGVuZHJvY3l0ZXMu[Qq]

[q] When the neuronal cell body become edematous and rounded, nissel substance become fine, granular and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, with the nucleus displaced to the periphery in response to axonal injury, theses changes are called ………….?

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[q] The possibilty of axonal regeneration when the axon is severed is better in (CNS or PNS)? and why?

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JiM4MjExOyBQTlM6IFNjaHdhbm4gY2VsbHMgc2Vuc2UgdGhlIGF4b25hbCBkZWdlbmVyYXRpb24gYW5kIGJlZ2luIHRvIHNlY3JldGUgY3l0b2tpbmVzIGFuZCBjaGVtb2tpbmVzIHRoYXQgcmVjcnVpdCBtYWNyb3BoYWdlcy4gVGhpcyBhbGxvd3MgZWZmZWN0aXZlIGNsZWFyYW5jZSBvZiBteWVsaW4gZGVicmlzIHdoaWNoLCBhbG9uZyB3aXRoIHRyb3BoaWMgZmFjdG9yIHNlY3JldGlvbiBieSBTY2h3YW5uIGNlbGxzLCBzdGltdWxhdGVzIGZvcm1hdGlvbiBvZiBhIGdyb3d0aCBjb25lIGZyb20gdGhlIHN0dW1wIG9mIHRoZSBwcm94aW1hbCBheG9uIGFuZCBmYWNpbGl0YXRlcyBuZXJ2ZSByZWdlbmVyYXRpb24u

[Qq]

 

– CNS: Myelin-producing oligodendrocytes become inactive or undergo apoptosis and do not assist with phagocytosis. Phagocytic macrophages/microglia are recruited more slowly because of the blood-brain barrier. This slows removal of the myelin debris, which can persist for years in the degenerating tracts and suppress axonal growth via myelin-associated inhibitory factors. Astrocytes also release inhibitory molecules and proliferate forming a glial scar that acts as a barrier to axon regeneration.

 

[q] Free nerve endings have fast Aδ myelinated fibers that is responsible for sensation of …………., and slow C unmyelinated fibers that is responsible for sensation of ………….?

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[q] …………. is located in Glabrous (hairless) skin, adapt quickly, and is responsible for sensation of Fine/light touch, low-frequency vibration.

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[q] …………. is located in Fingertips, adapt slowly, and is responsible for sensation of Deep static touch.

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[q] …………. is located in Deep skin layers, ligaments, joints, adapt quickly, and is responsible for sensation of Pressure, High-frequency vibration.

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[q] …………. is located in Fingertips, adapt slowly, and is responsible for sensation of Pressure.

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[q] The locus ceruleus is a paired brainstem nucleus located in the posterior rostral pons near the lateral floor of the fourth ventricle and functions as the principal site for …………. synthesis in the brain.

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[q] Serotonin-releasing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are located in the …………..?

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[q] Dopamine-releasing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are located in the …………..?

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[q] Acetylcholine-releasing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are located in the …………..?

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[q] GABA-releasing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) are located in the …………..?

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[q] ………… is the thick outer meningeal layer closest to skull and derived from mesoderm.

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[q] ………….. is the middle meningeal layer, contains web-like connections and derived from neural crest.

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[q] ………….. is the thin, fibrous inner meningeal layer that firmly adheres to brain and spinal cord and derived from neural crest.

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[q] Blood-brain barrier is formed by 3 structures which are ………, …………., and …………….?

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[f]

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[q] Dopamine hyperactivity in the ……….. pathway is associated with positive psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions)?

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[q] The …………. pathway connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland and is responsible for the tonic inhibition of prolactin secretion. Antipsychotics can interrupt this pathway, causing increased blood prolactin levels (hyperprolactinemia), which may lead to galactorrhea (milky nipple discharge unrelated to pregnancy/breastfeeding) and menstrual irregularities (amenorrhea).

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[q] ………….. relies on a pressure gradient between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intracranial pressure (ICP).

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[q] The most important regulator of cerebral perfusion is …………….?

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[q] Why therapeutic hyperventilation may be used in acute cerebral edema (stroke, trauma) to ↓ intracranial pressure (ICP)?

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[q] In panic attacks, there is hyperventilation (↓ PCO2) —-> (increase or decrease) cerebral blood flow, which explains fainting in panic attacks?

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