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[h] Neurology System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] The net effect of the disinhibition in the direct pathway results in an (decreased or increased) level of cortical excitation and the (initiation or inhibition) of movement.

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[q] The net effect of the disinhibition in the indirect pathway results in (decreased or increased) level of cortical excitation and the (initiation or inhibition) of unwanted movement.

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[q] Dopaminergic neurons in the substania nigra which project to striatum. Dopamine (excites or inhibits) the direct pathway through D1 receptors and (excites or inhibits) the indirect pathway through D2 receptors?

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[q] Where do you expect the signs of right basal ganglia lesion will be?

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[f]IE9uIHRoZSBsZWZ0LsKgSXQgd2lsbCBpbmZsdWVuY2UgdGhlIGluaXRpYXRpb24gb2YgbW92ZW1lbnQgb24gdGhlIGNvbnRyYWxhdGVyYWwgc2lkZS4gQmVjYXVzZSB0aGUgUmlnaHQgYmFzYWwgZ2FuZ2xpYSBwcm9qZWN0cyB0byB0aGUgcmlnaHQgbW90b3IgY29ydGV4IHRoYXQgaW5uZXJ2YXRlcyB0aGUgbGVmdCBzaWRlIG9mIHRoZSBib2R5IGJlY2F1c2UgY29ydGljb3NwaW5hbCB0cmFjdCAoVU1OKSBjcm9zc2VzIGluIGxvd2VyIG1lZHVsbGEu[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

63 years old patient presenting with bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, pill-rolling resting tremors and shuffling gate + Brain Biochemical change of the patient showed low level of dopamine in substania nigra?

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[q] Patients with medically intractable symptoms of Parkinson disease may benefit from high-frequency deep brain stimulation of the globus pallidus internus or ………….. as it promotes thalamo-cortical disinhibition with improved mobility.

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[q] ………….. is autosomal dominant trinucleotide repeat disorder on chromosome 4 (CAG) —> degeneration of GABAnergic neurons in neostriatum (mainly caudate nucleus) —> leading to atrophy of caudate nucleus → enlargement of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles.

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[f]IEh1bnRpbmd0b24gZGlzZWFzZS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

45 years old patient presenting with sudden, jerky, purposeless movement with writhing, snake like movement + relatives also noticed the patient lately have severe depression and become so aggressive + Brain Biochemical change of the patient showed low level of GABA and ACH?

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[f]IEh1bnRpbmd0b24gZGlzZWFzZS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

40 years old patient with history of liver cirrhosis presenting with bradykinesai, sudden, jerky, purposeless movement, and eye examination showed ring at the edges of the cornea?

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[f]IFdpbHNvbiBkaXNlYXNlIChoZXBhdG9sZW50aWN1bGFyIGRlZ2VuZXJhdGlvbiku[Qq]

[q] Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) is characterized by degeneration of …………….?. But Huntington disease cause degeneration of …………………..?

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[q] Damage of the …………… which play an important role in the modulation of basal ganglia output, most commonly from a lacunar stroke cause Contralateral Wild, flinging movement of limbs.

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[q] ………. is is the most common diagnosed movement disorder that is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. Patients experience a slowly progressive symmetric postural and/or kinetic tremor that most commonly affects the upper extremities and improves with alcohol consumption.

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[q] First line treatment of Essential tremors is …………..?

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[f]IHRoZSBub25zcGVjaWZpYyBiZXRhIGJsb2NrZXJzIGFzIHByb3ByYW5vbG9sLg==[Qq]

[q] ……………. nucleus of the thalamus receive sensory input from Spinothalamic and dorsal column/medial lemniscus that is responsible for Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light touch, and Temperature?

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[f]IFZlbnRyYWwgUG9zdGVyby1MYXRlcmFsIE51Y2xldXMgKFZQTCku

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Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……………. nucleus of the thalamus receive sensory input from Trigeminal and gustatory pathway that is responsible for Face sensation, taste?

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[q] ……………. nucleus of the thalamus receive sensory input from CN II that is responsible for Vision?

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[q] ……………. nucleus of the thalamus receive sensory input from Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum that is responsible for Hearing?

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[f]IE1lZGlhbCBnZW5pY3VsYXRlIG51Y2xldXMgKE1HTikuIE1lZGlhbCBmb3IgTXVzaWMu[Qq]

[q] …………… necleus of the thalamus receive motor input from Basal ganglia & cerebellum before projection to motor cortex.

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[f]IFZlbnRyYWwsIGxhdGVyYWwgTnVjbGV1cyAoVkwp[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

58 years old patient with history of DM, Hypertension presenting with total sensory loss on the left side of the body and face (pure hemisensory loss) without any motor affection for 8 months + the patient recently complains of severe paroxysmal burning pain over the affected area and is classically exacerbated by light touch?

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[q] ………… nucleus of hypothalamus function as the feeding centre and its lesion results in Anorexia, failure to thrive.

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[f]IExhdGVyYWwgbnVjbGV1cy4gTGF0ZXJhbCBpbmp1cnkgbWFrZXMgeW91IExlYW4u

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[q] ………… nucleus of hypothalamus function as the Satiety centre and its lesion in craniopharyngioma —> Hyperphagia, obesity.

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[f]IFZlbnRyb01lZGlhbCBudWNsZXVzLiBWZW50cm9NZWRpYWwgaW5qdXJ5IG1ha2VzIHlvdSBWZXJ5IE1hc3NpdmUu

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[q] ………… nucleus of hypothalamus function as the Cooling centre, stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system centre and its lesion results  in Hyperthermia.

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[q] ……….. nucleus of hypothalamus function as the Heating centre, stimulate the sympathetic nervous system centre and its lesion results in Poikliothermia (hypothermia).

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[q] ……….. nuclei of hypothalamus Synthesize ADH and oxytocin and its lesion results in Diabetes insipidus (characterized by polydipsia and polyuria)?

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[q] ……….. nucleus of hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms by receiving direct visual input and become disturbed in jet lag insomnia?

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[q] ……….. nucleus of hypothalamus produces hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors that regulates anterior pituitary gland, has neurons that produce dopamine (prolactin inhibiting factor)?

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[q] ………. nucleus of hypothalamus is important for thermoregulation, sexual behavior, Releases GnRH.

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[q] ………… contains choroid epithelial cells and is in the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles and secretes CSF into all ventricles, but …………. is responsible for CSF absorption and then drains into Dural venous sinuses.

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

51 years old patient presenting with headache, blurry vision, and vomiting + MRI shows brain tumor with increased pressure and ventricular dilatation in lateral and third ventricles, but the fourth ventricle is normal sized?

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[f]IE5vbmNvbW11bmljYXRpbmcgKE9ic3RydWN0aXZlKSBoeWRyb2NlcGhhbHVzIGR1ZSB0byBvYnN0cnVjdGlvbiBvZiBjZXJlYnJhbCBhcXVlZHVjdCBvZiBzeWx2aXVzLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

51 years old patient with history of intraventricular hemorrhage presenting with headache, blurry vision, and vomiting + MRI shows global dilatation of all brain ventricle?

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[f]IENvbW11bmljYXRpbmcgaHlkcm9jZXBoYWx1cy4gSXQgdXN1YWxseSByZXN1bHRzIGZyb20gaW1wYWlyZWQgQ1NGIGFic29ycHRpb24gYnkgdGhlIGFyYWNobm9pZCBncmFudWxhdGlvbiAobm8gZHJhaW5hZ2UpLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

51 years old patient with history of Communicating hydrocephalus presenting with urinary incontinence, Apraxic (magnetic) gait, and Dementia + MRI is shown below and lumbar puncture shows normal ICP?

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[f]IE5vcm1hbCBwcmVzc3VyIGh5ZHJvY2VwaGFsdXMu[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

51 years old patient with history of advanced HIV presenting with diffuse brain atrophy and dilated ventricles although normal ICP?

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[f]IEh5ZHJvY2VwaGFsdXMgZXggdmFjdW8u[Qq]

[q] Long term sequelae of hydrocephalus include lower extremity spasticity and hyperreflexia due to stretching of the …………….?

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[f]IHBlcml2ZW50cmljdWxhciBweXJhbWlkYWwgdHJhY3Qu[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

21 years old obese female on vitamin A derivative for treatment of sever acne presenting with headache, nausea, vomiting, papilledema + MRI is negative + lumbar puncture shows normal ICP with relive of symptoms after lumbar puncture?

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[q] ………… is the most significant complication of Pseudotumor cerebri.

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[f]IGJsaW5kbmVzc8KgIGR1ZSB0byBvcHRpYyBuZXJ2ZSBjb21wcmVzc2lvbi4=[Qq]

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