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[h] Nephrology Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 2 Hours.

[q] β-hCG typically is detectable in the maternal serum approximately ………….. days after fertilization, whereas it is detectable in the urine ……… days after fertilization.

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[q] At week 2, The embryoblast differentiates into the ………, forming a bilaminar embryonic disk.

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[f]IGVwaWJsYXN0IGFuZCBoeXBvYmxhc3Qu

[q] At week …….., Gastrulation process occurs that produces the 3 primary germ layers → ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

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[q] At week …….., Heart begins to beat and Upper and lower limb buds begin to form.

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[q] At week …….., Fetal movements start.

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[q] At week …….., Genitalia have male/female characteristics. Prior to that, genitalia look similar for males/females.

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[q] Anterior pituitary originates from the ………… which is an embryonic invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium, while posterior pituitary is derived from …………?

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[q] Adrenal cortex is derived from ………, while adrenal medulla is derived from ………….?

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[q] Anal canal above the pectinate line is derived from ……….., while anal canal below the pectinate line is derived from ………..?

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[q] ………… is produced at Zone of polarizing activity and typically code for transcription factors that bind to regulatory regions on DNA, altering the expression of genes involved in the segmental organization of the embryo. It also regulators of AP axis development of the limb.

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[q] …………. is produced at apical ectodermal ridge and stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs (proximal to distal development).

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[q] …….. is produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis (dorsalizes limb).

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[q] ……… is produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity and involved in patterning along anteroposterior axis. Its mutation can cause holoprosencephaly (Single-lobed brain).

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[q] ……….. describes absent organ due to absent primordial tissue.

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[q] ……….. describes absent organ despite presence of primordial tissue.

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[q] ……… describes incomplete organ development; primordial tissue present.

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[q] ……… describes a primary defect in the cells or tissues that form an organ (an intrinsic developmental abnormality). Occurs during embryonic period (weeks 3-8).

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[q] ……….. describes fetal structural anomalies that occur due to extrinsic mechanical forces. Occurs after embryonic period.

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[f]IERlZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBFeGFtcGxlOiBwb3R0ZXIgc3luZHJvbWUgKGNsdWJiZWQgZmVldCBhbmQgZmxhdCBmYWNpZXMpIHNlY29uZGFyeSB0byBleHRyaW5zaWMgY29tcHJlc3Npb24gYnkgdGhlIHV0ZXJ1cy4=[Qq]

[q] ……….. describes secondary breakdown of a previously normal tissue or structure.
Example: amniotic band syndrome, rupture of the amnion during fetal development may produce amniotic bands which can compress or even amputate fetal limbs.

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[f]IERpc3J1cHRpb24uIEV4YW1wbGU6IGFtbmlvdGljIGJhbmQgc3luZHJvbWUsIHJ1cHR1cmUgb2YgdGhlIGFtbmlvbiBkdXJpbmcgZmV0YWwgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQgbWF5IHByb2R1Y2UgYW1uaW90aWMgYmFuZHMgd2hpY2ggY2FuIGNvbXByZXNzIG9yIGV2ZW4gYW1wdXRhdGUgZmV0YWwgbGltYnMu[Qq]

[q] ………. is contraindicated in pregnancy due to Renal failure, oligohydramnios which may cause potter sequence, hypocalvaria.

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn child presented with his mother with microscopically, Small palpebral fissures, Smooth philtrum (vertical groove above the upper lip), thin vermilion border. The mother admitted she was consuming small amount of alcohol during pregnancy?

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn child presented with his mother with microscopically, cleft lip and palate, wide anterior fontanelle, distal phalange hypoplasia, and aortic stenosis. The mother has history of seizure and on phenytoin to control seizure?

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn child presented with his mother with uncoordinated sucking reflexes, irritability, high-pitched crying, tremors, tachypnea, sneezing, diarrhea, and seizures. The mother has long history of substance abuse?

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