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[h] Nephrology Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 2 Hours.

[q] β-hCG typically is detectable in the maternal serum approximately ………….. days after fertilization, whereas it is detectable in the urine ……… days after fertilization.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDgsIDE0Lg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] At week 2, The embryoblast differentiates into the ………, forming a bilaminar embryonic disk.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGVwaWJsYXN0IGFuZCBoeXBvYmxhc3Qu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] At week …….., Gastrulation process occurs that produces the 3 primary germ layers → ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDMu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] At week …….., Heart begins to beat and Upper and lower limb buds begin to form.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDQu[Qq]

 

[q] At week …….., Fetal movements start.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDYu[Qq]

[q] At week …….., Genitalia have male/female characteristics. Prior to that, genitalia look similar for males/females.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDgu[Qq]

[q] Anterior pituitary originates from the ………… which is an embryonic invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium, while posterior pituitary is derived from …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJhdGhrZeKAmXMgcG91Y2ggKHN1cmZhY2UgZWN0b2Rlcm0pLCBuZXVyb2VjdG9kZXJtLg==[Qq]

[q] Adrenal cortex is derived from ………, while adrenal medulla is derived from ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG1lc29kZXJtLCBuZXVyYWwgY3Jlc3QgY2VsbHMu[Qq]

[q] Anal canal above the pectinate line is derived from ……….., while anal canal below the pectinate line is derived from ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuZG9kZXJtLCBFY3RvZGVybS4=[Qq]

[q] ………… is produced at Zone of polarizing activity and typically code for transcription factors that bind to regulatory regions on DNA, altering the expression of genes involved in the segmental organization of the embryo. It also regulators of AP axis development of the limb.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEhvbWVvYm94IChIb3gpIGdlbmVzLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is produced at apical ectodermal ridge and stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs (proximal to distal development).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZpYnJvYmxhc3QgZ3Jvd3RoIGZhY3RvciAoRkdGKSBnZW5lLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. is produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis (dorsalizes limb).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFdudC03IGdlbmUu[Qq]

[q] ……… is produced at base of limbs in zone of polarizing activity and involved in patterning along anteroposterior axis. Its mutation can cause holoprosencephaly (Single-lobed brain).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvbmljIGhlZGdlaG9nIChTSEgpIGdlbmUu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. describes absent organ due to absent primordial tissue.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFnZW5lc2lzLiBFeGFtcGxlOiByZW5hbCBhZ2VuZXNpcy4=[Qq]

[q] ……….. describes absent organ despite presence of primordial tissue.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFwbGFzaWEuIEV4YW1wbGU6IHRoeW1pYyBhcGxhc2lhLg==[Qq]

[q] ……… describes incomplete organ development; primordial tissue present.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEh5cG9wbGFzaWEuIEV4YW1wbGU6IG1pY3JvY2VwaGFseS4=[Qq]

[q] ……… describes a primary defect in the cells or tissues that form an organ (an intrinsic developmental abnormality). Occurs during embryonic period (weeks 3-8).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1hbGZvcm1hdGlvbi4gRXhhbXBsZTogQXJub2xkIENoaWFyaSBtYWxmb3JtYXRpb24u[Qq]

[q] ……….. describes fetal structural anomalies that occur due to extrinsic mechanical forces. Occurs after embryonic period.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERlZm9ybWF0aW9uLiBFeGFtcGxlOiBwb3R0ZXIgc3luZHJvbWUgKGNsdWJiZWQgZmVldCBhbmQgZmxhdCBmYWNpZXMpIHNlY29uZGFyeSB0byBleHRyaW5zaWMgY29tcHJlc3Npb24gYnkgdGhlIHV0ZXJ1cy4=[Qq]

[q] ……….. describes secondary breakdown of a previously normal tissue or structure.
Example: amniotic band syndrome, rupture of the amnion during fetal development may produce amniotic bands which can compress or even amputate fetal limbs.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERpc3J1cHRpb24uIEV4YW1wbGU6IGFtbmlvdGljIGJhbmQgc3luZHJvbWUsIHJ1cHR1cmUgb2YgdGhlIGFtbmlvbiBkdXJpbmcgZmV0YWwgZGV2ZWxvcG1lbnQgbWF5IHByb2R1Y2UgYW1uaW90aWMgYmFuZHMgd2hpY2ggY2FuIGNvbXByZXNzIG9yIGV2ZW4gYW1wdXRhdGUgZmV0YWwgbGltYnMu[Qq]

[q] ………. is contraindicated in pregnancy due to Renal failure, oligohydramnios which may cause potter sequence, hypocalvaria.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFDRSBpbmhpYml0b3JzLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn child presented with his mother with microscopically, Small palpebral fissures, Smooth philtrum (vertical groove above the upper lip), thin vermilion border. The mother admitted she was consuming small amount of alcohol during pregnancy?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZldGFsIGFsY29ob2wgc3luZHJvbWUu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn child presented with his mother with microscopically, cleft lip and palate, wide anterior fontanelle, distal phalange hypoplasia, and aortic stenosis. The mother has history of seizure and on phenytoin to control seizure?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZldGFsIGh5ZGFudG9pbiBzeW5kcm9tZS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn child presented with his mother with uncoordinated sucking reflexes, irritability, high-pitched crying, tremors, tachypnea, sneezing, diarrhea, and seizures. The mother has long history of substance abuse?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5lb25hdGFsIGFic3RpbmVuY2Ugc3luZHJvbWUu[Qq]

[q] The SRY gene on the Y chromosome codes for ……………., which is responsible for gonadal differentiation into testes.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSB0ZXN0ZXMtZGV0ZXJtaW5pbmcgZmFjdG9yIChUREYpLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The Sertoli cells produce ………. that prevents development of female internal genitalia and the Leydig cells secrete ………… necessary for the development of male internal genitalia.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG11bGxlcmlhbi1pbmhpYml0aW5nIGZhY3RvciAoTUlGKSwgdGVzdG9zdGVyb25lLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……… give rise to Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, Ductus deferens (SEED) in males.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1lc29uZXBocmljIChXb2xmZmlhbikgZHVjdHMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………. give rise to the uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper 1/3 vagina.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE11bGxlcmlhbiAocGFyYW1lc29uZXBocmljKSBkdWN0cy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………. give rise to prostate, bulbourethral gland in males and lower 2/3 of vagina and bartholin gland in females.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFVyb2dlbml0YWwgc2ludXMu[Qq]

[q] Testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by ……….. enzyme, which induces development of male-type external genitalia.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDUgYWxwaGEgcmVkdWN0YXNlLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The genital tubercle gives rise to …….. in males and the ……… in females.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGdsYW5zIHBlbmlzLCBnbGFucyBjbGl0b3Jpcy4=[Qq]

[q] In the male, ………… fuse to form the ventral aspect of the penis and the penile raphe, which serve as the anterior wall of the urethra.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSB1cmV0aHJhbCBmb2xkcy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In the female, the urethral (urogenital) folds do not fuse and ultimately form ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBsYWJpYSBtaW5vcmEu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The genital swellings (labioscrotal swelling) become the ……….. in males and ………. in females.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHNjcm90dW0sIHRoZSBsYWJpYSBtYWpvcmEu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………. gives rise to the bladder, urethra, prostate, and bulbourethral glands in males. In females, it develops into the bladder, urethra, lower vagina and Bartholin glands.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZSB1cm9nZW5pdGFsIHNpbnVzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………. present as 1° amenorrhea (due to a lack of uterine development) in females with fully developed 2° sexual characteristics (functional ovaries).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE11bGxlcmlhbiBhcGxhc2lhL2FnZW5lc2lzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. presents with a single-horn (banana-shaped) uterus and it occurs when one of the Mullerian ducts fails to form.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFVuaWNvcm51YXRlIHV0ZXJ1cy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Didelphys uterus is a double uterus results from ………….. So each duct develops into a separate uterus, each of which is narrower than a normal uterus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBjb21wbGV0ZSBmYWlsdXJlIG9mIHRoZSAyIE11bGxlcmlhbiBkdWN0cyB0byBmdXNlIHRvZ2V0aGVyLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………. results from a failure of fusion between the mullerian ducts at the top (incomplete fusion). Thus, there is a single uterine cavity at the bottom with a single crevix, but it branches into two distinct horns at the top.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJpY29ybnVhdGUgdXRlcnVzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Septate uterus occurs when the two Mullerian ducts fused normally; however, there was a failure in …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRlZ2VuZXJhdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgbWVkaWFuIHNlcHR1bS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In males, incomplete fusion of the urethral (urogenital) folds results in an ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEh5cG9zcGVkaWEu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Hypospadia is associated with ………… and ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IMKgaW5ndWluYWwgaGVybmlhIGFuZCBjcnlwdG9yY2hpZGlzbS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………… is abnormal opening of penile urethra on dorsal surface of penis due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVwaXNwYWRpYXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Epispadia is associated with  …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4c3Ryb3BoeSBvZiB0aGUgYmxhZGRlci4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. is a band of fibrous tissue that aids in the descent of the gonads (both testes and ovaries).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEd1YmVybmFjdWx1bS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Female remnants of Gubernaculum are …………. and ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE92YXJpYW4gbGlnYW1lbnQgKyByb3VuZCBsaWdhbWVudCBvZiB1dGVydXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………  is evagination of peritoneum that precedes the testis in their descent down and closes to Forms tunica vaginalis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb2Nlc3N1cyB2YWdpbmFsaXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………… result from fertilization of 2 oocytes by 2 different sperm (the sex of the twins may differ) and always have 2 amnions and 2 chorions (dichorionic/diamniotic)

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERpenlnb3RpYyB0d2lucy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Monozygotic twinning may occur at different stages of embryogenesis, which affects the organization of the fetal membranes: dichorionic/diamnionic when the cleavage occur at ……………, monochorionic diamniotic when the cleavage occur at …………, monochorionic monoamniotic ……………, and monochorionic monoamniotic conjoined twins the cleavage occur at ……………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRheXMgMC00LCBkYXlzIDQtOCwgZGF5cyA4LTEyLCAmZ3Q7IDEzIGRheXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……………. is the outer layer of chorionic villi, synthesizes and secretes B-hCG.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN5bmN5dGlvdHJvcGhvYmxhc3Qu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In umbilical cord, Two Umbilical (arteries or veins) return deoxygenated blood from fetal internal iliac arteries to placenta.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGFydGVyaWVzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In umbilical cord, One Umbilical (artery or vein) supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus; drains into IVC via liver or via ductus venosus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHZlaW4u

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Right gonadal vein drain directly into ………., but left gonadal vein drain first to ………… at a 90° angle.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElWQywgbGVmdCByZW5hbCB2ZWluLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Lymphatic drainage of the scrotum occurs via ……………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBzdXBlcmZpY2lhbCBpbmd1aW5hbCBseW1waCBub2Rlcy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………….. drain nearly all cutaneous lymph from the umbilicus to the feet, including the external genitalia and anus (up to the dentate line).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZSBzdXBlcmZpY2lhbCBpbmd1aW5hbCBseW1waCBub2Rlcy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Lymph from the glans penis and the cutaneous portion of the posterior calf drains into …………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBkZWVwIGluZ3VpbmFsIGx5bXBoIG5vZGVzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Lymphatic drainage of the uterus occurs via ……………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGV4dGVybmFsIGlsaWFjIGx5bXBoIG5vZGVzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. is a fold of peritoneum that suspends Fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries to pelvic side wall. Structures contained in this ligament are Ovaries, fallopian tubes, round ligaments of uterus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJyb2FkIGxpZ2FtZW50Lg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. connects medial pole of ovary to lateral uterus. It is considered a derivative of gubernaculum.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE92YXJpYW4gbGlnYW1lbnQu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. connects ovaries to lateral pelvic wall. It contains the nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics supplying the ovary.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEluZnVuZGlidWxvcGVsdmljIGxpZ2FtZW50IChzdXNwZW5zb3J5IGxpZ2FtZW50IG9mIHRoZSBvdmFyeSku

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. connects Uterine fundus to labia majora. It contains the artery of Sampson which rarely is a source of a major bleeding. It is considered a derivative of gubernaculum.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJvdW5kIGxpZ2FtZW50IG9mIHRoZSB1dGVydXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. connects cervix to side wall of pelvis. Structures contained in this ligaments include uterine vessels.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENhcmRpbmFsIGxpZ2FtZW50LiBBbHNvIGtub3duIGFzIHRyYW5zdmVyc2UgY2VydmljYWwgbGlnYW1lbnRzLg==[Qq]

[q] Culdocentesis is aspiration of fluid from ………… by a needle puncture of posterior fornix of vagina.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHJlY3RvdXRlcmluZSBwb3VjaC4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Vulva, vagina, Ectocervix are lined with ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN0cmF0aWZpZWQgc3F1YW1vdXMgZXBpdGhlbGl1bS4=[Qq]

[q] Endocervix, Uterus, Fallopian tube are lined with ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNpbXBsZSBjb2x1bW5hciBlcGl0aGVsaXVtLg==[Qq]

[q] Ovaries is lined with …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNpbXBsZSBjdWJvaWRhbCBlcGl0aGVsaXVtLg==[Qq]

[q] A midline episiotomy is a vertical incision from the posterior vaginal opening to ……………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBwZXJpbmVhbCBib2R5Lg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Bilateral ligation (suturing) of …………. should stop uterine blood flow and postpartum hemorrhage, thereby preventing the need for hysterectomy.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBpbnRlcm5hbCBpbGlhYyBhcnRlcmllcy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] When administering a pudendal nerve block, the physician generally palpates intravaginally for …………… and attempts to administer the anesthetic agent in that location.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBpc2NoaWFsIHNwaW5lcy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In males, the internal sphincter muscle of urethra functions to prevent reflux of seminal fluids into the male bladder during ejaculation. When the bladder sphincter does not function properly, ………….. may occur.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHJldHJvZ3JhZGUgZWphY3VsYXRpb24u[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

15 years old male presenting with blood at urethral meatus and scrotal hematoma after hitting the wall while he was riding his bicycle?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFudGVyaW9yIHVyZXRocmFsIGluanVyeSAoQnVsYmFyIHVyZXRocmEpLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

25 years old male presenting with blood at urethral meatus and high-riding boggy prostate after motor vehicle accident. X-ray shows pelvic fracture?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBvc3RlcmlvciB1cmV0aHJhbCBpbmp1cnkgKE1lbWJyYW5vdXMgdXJldGhyYSku

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Erection is under the control of  (Sympathetic or Parasympathetic nervous system)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBhcmFzeW1wYXRoZXRpYyBuZXJ2b3VzIHN5c3RlbSAocGVsdmljIHNwbGFuY2huaWMgbmVydmVzLCBTMi1TNCku[Qq]

[q] Emission is under the control of  (Sympathetic or Parasympathetic nervous system)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN5bXBhdGhldGljIG5lcnZvdXMgc3lzdGVtIChoeXBvZ2FzdHJpYyBuZXJ2ZSwgVDExLUwyKS4=[Qq]

[q] Ejaculation is under the control of  (Sympathetic or Parasympathetic or somatic innervation)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNvbWF0aWMgbmVydmVzIChwdWRlbmRhbCBuZXJ2ZSku[Qq]

[q] Prostatectomy or injury to the prostatic plexus can cause ………..; as a result, surgeons attempt to preserve the integrity of the prostatic fascial shell during surgery.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGVyZWN0aWxlIGR5c2Z1bmN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Starting at about eight weeks of gestation, primary oocytes begin meiosis I where they arrest in ………… of meiosis I and remain there until puberty.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHByb3BoYXNlLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] FSH stimulation during the ovarian cycle causes some primary oocytes to complete meiosis I, forming secondary oocytes and polar bodies. The secondary oocyte begins meiosis II (the polar body degenerates), but halts in ……….. of meiosis II.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG1ldGFwaGFzZS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The secondary oocyte remains frozen in metaphase II until …………. occurs, at which point it divides into a mature oocyte and second polar body.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGZlcnRpbGl6YXRpb24u

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The length of the menstrual cycle in days minus 14 gives a good estimate of ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBkYXkgb2Ygb3Z1bGF0aW9uLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The main hormonal secretion in follicular phase is ……….. by the granulosa cells. It stimulate the replacement of the cells of the functional layer of the endometrium lost in the last menstruation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGVzdHJvZ2VuLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Regression of the corpus luteum occurs by day 23 if there is no pregnancy, causing decreased levels of …………. —-> Constriction of the spiral arteries occurs 1 day before menstruation, causing endometrial ischemia and release of prostaglandins, followed by leukocyte infiltration. The resulting necrosis leads to painful cramps and menstruation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHByb2dlc3Rlcm9uZS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Theca Cells have ………… receptors and upon stimulation —-> they produce large amounts of androgen.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExILg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Mural granulosa cells are very sensitive to (LH or FSH)?. They express …………. activity and convert the androgen to estrogen.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZTSCwgYXJvbWF0YXNlLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] FSH stimulates the production and secretion of inhibin B from granulosa cells, Inhibin acting on ………….. only and inhibits the secretion of FSH.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBwaXR1aXRhcnku

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………… begins to rise just before ovulation. It increases basal body temperature and it has been used as a marker of ovulation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb2dlc3Rlcm9uZS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. is a transient mid-cycle ovulatory pain; classically associated with peritoneal irritation (follicular swelling/rupture, fallopian tube contraction). Can mimic appendicitis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1pdHRlbHNjaG1lcnou[Qq]

[q] During the First week of the luteal phase, ………. creates the secretory endometrium. This prepares the uterus for implantation. It also causes the cervical mucus to become thicker and makes it more difficult for sperm as well as bacteria to penetrate the uterus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHByb2dlc3Rlcm9uZS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Which of the following labels corresponds to an endometrial biopsy with eroded, hemorrhagic endometrial surface with disintegrating stroma and glands?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEEgb3IgRS4=[Qq]

[q] Which of the following labels corresponds to an endometrial biopsy with non-edematous stroma, uterine glands have increased in length and girth but still remain relatively straight, no secretions are present in the glandular lumens, the coiled spiral arteries remain limited to the deeper layers?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEIgKG1pZHBvaW50IG9mIHRoZSBwcm9saWZlcmF0aXZlIHBoYXNlIG9mIHRoZSBtZW5zdHJ1YWwgY3ljbGUpLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Which of the following labels corresponds to an endometrial biopsy with endometrial stroma becomes edematous and completely traversed by tortuous spiral arteries that extend from the deeper layers to the uterine lumen, uterine glands become coiled and secrete glycogen-rich mucus?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEQgKG1pZC1sdXRlYWwgcGhhc2UpLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Low progesterone metabolites and low but slowly rising estrogen metabolites represent ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBlYXJseSBmb2xsaWN1bGFyIHBoYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] Low progesterone metabolites but rapidly rising estrogen metabolites represent …………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBsYXR0ZXIgZm9sbGljdWxhciBwaGFzZSBqdXN0IGJlZm9yZSBvdnVsYXRpb24u[Qq]

[q] Elevated and rising progesterone metabolites are indicative of ……….?. While Elevated but declining progesterone metabolites indicate ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBmaXJzdCB3ZWVrIG9mIHRoZSBsdXRlYWwgcGhhc2UgYmVmb3JlIGltcGxhbnRhdGlvbiwgdGhlIGxhc3Qgd2VlayBvZiB0aGUgbHV0ZWFsIHBoYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is the most potent estrogen and the main estrogen secreted by the ovary.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDE3zrItZXN0cmFkaW9sLg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. is the main circulating estrogen following menopause?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVzdHJvbmUu[Qq]

[q] ………… is the main estrogen secreted by the placenta during pregnancy from circulating adrenal androgens. It is the least potent of the estrogens (1/100 the potency of estradiol).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVzdHJpb2wu[Qq]

[q] (Pulsatile or continous) stimulation of pituitary gonadotrophin cells by GnRH leads to upregulation of GnRH receptors and enhanced FSH and LH secretion and can be used for treatment of infertility due to hypogandotropic hypogonadism?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFB1bHNhdGlsZS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. is responsible for production of progesterone and estrogen starting from the 3rd month of pregnancy up to term.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBsYWNlbnRhLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Because ………….. synthesis is dependent on fetal tissues, it can be used as an index of fetal health and placental.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGVzdHJvZ2VuLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………. increases maternal insulin resistance, which decreases maternal glucose utilization and increases blood glucose levels, thus allowing glucose to be shunted toward the fetus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGhQTCAoSHVtYW4gUGxhY2VudGFsIExhY3RvZ2VuKS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Guidelines recommend exclusively breastfed infants get ………… supplementation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHZpdGFtaW4gRCBhbmQgcG9zc2libHkgaXJvbi4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

51 years old female presenting with Hirsutism, feeling of intense heat with sweating and rapid heartbeat accompanied by visible reddening of the face, vaginal dryness and atrophy + cessation of menses for 6 months + ↑↑ FSH?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1lbm9wYXVzZS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

40 years old female presenting with Hirsutism, feeling of intense heat with sweating and rapid heartbeat accompanied by visible reddening of the face, vaginal dryness and atrophy + cessation of menses for 6 months + ↑↑ FSH?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHByZW1hdHVyZSBvdmFyaWFuIGZhaWx1cmUu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. line seminiferous tubules and is considered Homolog of female granulosa cells (have FSH receptors). They are the nurse cells for the developing sperm (support and nourish developing spermatozoa).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlcnRvbGkgY2VsbHMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………… is a homolog of female theca interna cells and secretes testosterone in response to stimulation from LH.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExleWRpZyBjZWxscy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Significant amounts of the testosterone diffuse into the Sertoli cells. Much of it becomes concentrated in the seminiferous tubules bound to …………… secreted by the Sertoli cells. This high concentration of testosterone is required for normal spermatogenesis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGFuIGFuZHJvZ2VuLWJpbmRpbmcgcHJvdGVpbi4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………… is produced by the Sertoli cells and is the physiological inhibitor of FSH secretion, while LH is inhibited primarily by …………. feedback.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEluaGliaW4gQiwgdGVzdG9zdGVyb25lLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

34 years old Bodybuilder presenting with acne, polycythemia, aggression and small testis?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFuZHJvZ2VuaWMgc3Rlcm9pZCBhYnVzZSAoZXhvZ2Vub3VzIHRlc3Rvc3Rlcm9uZSDihpIgaHlwb3RoYWxhbWljIHBpdHVpdGFyeS1nb25hZGFsIGF4aXMgaW5oaWJpdGlvbiDihpIg4oaTIGludHJhdGVzdGljdWxhciB0ZXN0b3N0ZXJvbmUg4oaSIOKGkyB0ZXN0aWN1bGFyIHNpemUsIOKGkyBzcGVybSBjb3VudCwgYXpvb3NwZXJtaWEpLg==[Qq]

[q] 43 years old male came to you to ask for sterilisation through vasectomy, what is your recommendation to him after going through the procedure?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZpYWJsZSBzcGVybXMgcmVtYWluIGluIHRoZSBwb3J0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSB2YXMgZGVmZXJlbnMgcHJveGltYWwgdG8gdGhlIGxpZ2F0aW9uLiBUaGVyZWZvcmUsIGFub3RoZXIgbWV0aG9kIG9mIGJpcnRoIGNvbnRyb2wgbXVzdCBiZSB1c2VkIGFmdGVyIHRoZSB2YXNlY3RvbXkgdW50aWwgYSBzcGVybSBzYW1wbGUgY29uZmlybXMgYXpvb3NwZXJtaWEu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

6 years old female presented to you with her mother with tall stature comparing to her peers, breast development n stage III, and pubic hair?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByZWNvY2lvdXMgcHViZXJ0eS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

14 years old male presenting with tall stature, absent facial and body hair, gynecomastia, small and firm testis, and mild mental retardation + lab findings show ↓ testosterone, ↑ estrogen, ↑ LH, ↑ FSH, ↓ inhibin B?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEtsaW5lZmVsdGVyIHN5bmRyb21lIFttYWxlXSAoNDcsIFhYWSku

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] The extra x chromosome in Klinefelter syndrome is acquired due to …………… during gametogenesis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG1laW90aWMgbm9uZGlzanVuY3Rpb24u

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. is a male patient with one barr body.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]wqBLbGluZWZlbHRlciAoNDdYWFkpLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

14 years old female presenting with primary amenorrhea with absent secondary sex characteristics, short stature, webbed neck, low posterior hair line, shield chest (broad chest with widely spaced nipples), shortened 4th metacarpals + lab findings show ↓ estrogen with ↑ LH, FSH.?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFR1cm5lciBzeW5kcm9tZSBbZmVtYWxlXSAoNDUsIFhPKS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Patients with TS should undergo echocardiography to evaluate for ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENvYXJjdGF0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSBhb3J0YSwgYmljdXNwaWQgYW9ydGljIHZhbHZlLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………………. is given to girls with turner syndrome to promote normal sexual maturation and reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVzdHJvZ2VuIHJlcGxhY2VtZW50IHRoZXJhcHku

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………….. is a female without barr body.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFR1cm5lciBzeW5kcm9tZS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……………. is a patient with both ovarian and testicular tissue present (ovotestis) with ambiguous external genitalia.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE92b3Rlc3RpY3VsYXIgZGlzb3JkZXIgb2Ygc2V4IGRldmVsb3BtZW50Lg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

16 years old female presenting with primary amenorrhea, enlarged breast with absent axillary and pubic hair, bilateral mass in labia majora + ultrasound shows absent uterus and internal female genitalia + karyotype shows 46-xy + lab findings show high testosterone, high estrogen and high LH ?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFuZHJvZ2VuIGluc2Vuc2l0aXZpdHkgc3luZHJvbWUgKDQ2LCBYWSku

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn child presenting with his mother with male internal genitalia and ambiguous external genitalia + lab findings show testosterone/estrogen levels are normal; DHT is low?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IDXOsS1yZWR1Y3Rhc2UgZGVmaWNpZW5jeS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

A newborn female child presenting with her mother with ambiguous external genitalia with high androgen levels and low estrogen levels + the mother also presenting with hirsituism, acne, cliteromegally, and deepening of the voice?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBsYWNlbnRhbCBhcm9tYXRhc2UgZGVmaWNpZW5jeS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………………. is a disorder of migration of fetal gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and olfactory neurons, resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia/hyposmia (decreased sense of smell).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEthbGxtYW5uIHN5bmRyb21lLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………… is a pea-sized gland that provide lubrication to the vaginal vestibule and are not palpable unless ductal blockage occurs resulting in fluid buildup and cyst formation. It may cause discomfort during sexual activity, walking, sitting, or exercise.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJhcnRob2xpbiBnbGFuZC4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………. is a Warty skin lesion of vulvar skin that occur due to HPV types 6 or 11.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNvbmR5bG9tYSBhY3VtaW5hdHVtLg==[Qq]

[q] …………… are pyknotic superficial or immature squamous cells with a dense, irregularly staining cytoplasm and perinuclear clearing which is a sign of infection with human papilloma virus (HPV).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEtvaWxvY3l0ZXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

52 years old female presenting with leukoplakia with porcelain-white plaques with a red or violet border, valvular itching + Punch biopsy shows thinning of the epidermis and fibrosis (sclerosis) of the dermis?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExpY2hlbiBzY2xlcm9zaXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

33 years old female presenting with leukoplakia, valvular itching + Punch biopsy shows thick, leathery vulvar skin?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExpY2hlbiBzaW1wbGV4IGNocm9uaWN1cy4=[Qq]

[q] HPV-related vulvar carcinoma is due to high-risk HPV ……………………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHR5cGVzIDE2IGFuZCAxOC4=[Qq]

[q] Non-HPV related vulvar carcinoma arises, most often, from ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGxvbmctc3RhbmRpbmcgbGljaGVuIHNjbGVyb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] ………………….. is a rare, slow growing, usually noninvasive intraepithelial (in the skin) adenocarcinoma of glandular tissue of the skin. Presents as erythematous, pruritic, ulcerated vulvar skin and are PAS+, keratin+, and S1OO-.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4dHJhbWFtbWFyeSBQYWdldCBkaXNlYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] Daughters of women who used ……………. during their pregnancy are at a 40-fold increased risk of developing clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the vagina and cervix.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]wqBEaWV0aHlsc3RpbGJlc3Ryb2wgKERFUyku[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

4 years old female presenting with vaginal bleeding, and a grape-like mass protruding from the vagina + biopsy shows cytoplasmic cross-striations and positive immunohistochemical staining for desmin and myogenin?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNhcmNvbWEgYm90cnlvaWRlcyAoRW1icnlvbmFsIHJoYWJkb215b3NhcmNvbWEpLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The most common symptoms of vaginal cancer are ……………………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHBvc3Rjb2l0YWwgdmFnaW5hbCBibGVlZGluZyBhbmQgbWFsb2Rvcm91cyB2YWdpbmFsIGRpc2NoYXJnZS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

16 years old female presenting with primary amonhrea although fully developed secondary sexual characteristics + lower back pain, pelvic pressure, and defecatory rectal pain + Pelvic examination reveals a blue, bulging vaginal mass or membrane that swells with increased intraabdominal pressure (Valsalva)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEltcGVyZm9yYXRlIGh5bWVuLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Treatment of imperforate hymen is with ……………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGluY2lzaW9uIG9mIHRoZSBoeW1lbiBhbmQgZHJhaW5hZ2Ugb2YgdGhlIGhlbWF0b2NvbHBvcy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Ectocervix is lined by ……………., while Endocervix is lined by ………..?. Junction between the ectocervix and endocervix is called the …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG5vbmtlcmF0aW5pemluZyBzcXVhbW91cyBlcGl0aGVsaXVtLCBhIHNpbmdsZSBsYXllciBvZiBjb2x1bW5hciBjZWxscy4gdHJhbnNmb3JtYXRpb24gem9uZSAoc3F1YW1vY29sdW1uYXIganVuY3Rpb24pLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] High-risk HPV produce E6 and E7 proteins which result in increased destruction of  ………. and ………. , respectively.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHA1MyBhbmQgUmIu[Qq]

[q] Multiple sexual partners, early age at first intercourse, lower socioeconomic status, cigarette smoking, oral contraceptive use, and immunosuppression (such as HIV) has been shown to correlate with a higher risk of persistent infection with ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGhpZ2gtcmlzayBIUFYgc3RyYWlucy4=[Qq]

[q] Consistent use of ………… is extremely important for preventing sexually transmitted infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGJhcnJpZXIgY29udHJhY2VwdGl2ZXMu[Qq]

[q] Divided into grades based on the extent of epithelial involvement by immature dysplastic cells:
……….. involves < 1/3 of the thickness of the epithelium.

………..  involves < 2/3 of the thickness of the epithelium.

………..  involves slightly less than the entire thickness of the epithelium.

……….. involves the entire thickness of the epithelium.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENJTiBJLCBDSU4gSUksIENMTiBJSUksIENhcmNpbm9tYSBpbiBzaXR1IChDbFMpLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Although high-grade dysplasia (involving most or the entire epithelial layer) often progresses to invasive cancer, low-grade dysplasia (involving a small portion of epithelium) typically …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHNwb250YW5lb3VzbHkgcmVncmVzc2VzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. is the most successful screening test developed to date. It is responsible for a significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality of cervical carcinoma (cervical carcinoma went from being the most common to one of the least common types of gynecologic carcinoma in the US).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBhcCBzbWVhci4=[Qq]

[q] An abnormal Pap smear should be followed by ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNvbmZpcm1hdG9yeSBjb2xwb3Njb3B5ICh2aXN1YWxpemF0aW9uIG9mIGNlcnZpeCB3aXRoIGEgbWFnbmlmeWluZyBnbGFzcykgYW5kIGJpb3BzeS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Advanced cervical tumors often invade through the anterior uterine wall into the bladder blocking ……….. causing hydronephrosis with postrenal failure which is a common cause of death in advanced cervical carcinoma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSB1cmV0ZXJzLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

31 years old female presenting with fever, abnormal uterine bleeding, and pelvic pain 5 days after normal delivery + ultrasound shows retained placental tissue?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFjdXRlIGVuZG9tZXRyaXRpcy4=[Qq]

[q] ……………. are necessary for the diagnosis of chronic endometritis given that lymphocytes are normally found in the endometrium.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBsYXNtYSBjZWxscy4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

36 years old female patient presenting with infertility + she has history of  spontaneous abortion that needed dilation and curettage (D&C) and have secondary amenorrhea since then + Endometrial biopsy shows endometrial scarring and loss of the stratum basalis?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFzaGVybWFuIHN5bmRyb21lLg==[Qq]

[q] Anovulation is common in the first several years after menarche due to ………………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGltbWF0dXJlIGh5cG90aGFsYW1pYy1waXR1aXRhcnktb3ZhcmlhbiBheGlzIGZvciBzZXZlcmFsIHllYXJzIGZvbGxvd2luZyBtZW5hcmNoZS4=[Qq]

[q] As women approach menopause in their late 40s, anovulation becomes more prevalent and menstrual irregularity ensues due to …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlIGluIHRoZSBudW1iZXIgYW5kIHF1YWxpdHkgb2YgdGhlIG92YXJpYW4gZm9sbGljbGVzLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

34 years old female presenting with unpredictable, irregular menstrual bleeding + giving the patient 7 days of oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is followed by withdrawal bleeding?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFub3Z1bGF0b3J5IGN5Y2xlLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] One way to treat anovulation is the administration of drugs that act like FSH and LH. Treatment with menotropin (human menopausal gonadotrophin) acts like …………… then ovulation is induced by administration of a large dose of hCG, which simulates ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZTSCwgdGhlIExIIHN1cmdlLg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is a well-circumscribed collection of endometrial tissue within uterine wall and may present with painless abnormal uterine bleeding/intermenstrual bleeding.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuZG9tZXRyaWFsIHBvbHlwLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………….. is a benign condition in which endometrial glands and stroma are seen outside the uterus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuZG9tZXRyaW9zaXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

28 years old female presenting with secondary dysmenorrhea, pain with deep sexual intercourse, and pain with defecation + the patient also was not able to conceive although 3 months of unprotected sexual intercourse + Physical examination findings include a fixed, retroverted and immobile uterus and rectovaginal nodularity and tenderness with rectal examination?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuZG9tZXRyaW9zaXMu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The most common site of endometriosis is …………., and the second most common site of endometriosis is ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBvdmFyeSAoZnJlcXVlbnRseSBiaWxhdGVyYWwpLCB0aGUgY3VsLWRlLXNhYy4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. is ectopic endometrial glands and stroma are located within the myometrium of the uterine wall due to hyperplasia of basal layer of endometrium.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFkZW5vbXlvc2lzLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

32 years old female presenting with secondary dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, and enlarged, symmetric, tender uterus in the absence of pregnancy?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFkZW5vbXlvc2lzLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. refers to recurrent, crampy lower abdominal pain, along with nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, that occurs during menstruation in the absence of pelvic pathology. It is the most common gynecologic complaint among adolescent girls.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByaW1hcnkgZHlzbWVub3JyaGVhLg==[Qq]

[q]  ………. is the first choice in treatment of Primary dysmenorrhea.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vbnN0ZXJvaWRhbCBhbnRpLWluZmxhbW1hdG9yeSBkcnVncyAocHJvc3RhZ2xhbmRpbiBzeW50aGV0YXNlIGluaGliaXRvcnMpLg==[Qq]

[q] The most common location of a leiomyoma is …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEludHJhbXVyYWwgKHdpdGhpbiB0aGUgd2FsbCBvZiB0aGUgdXRlcnVzKS4=

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Abnormal vaginal bleeding is the most common symptom of a ……….. myoma and can result in anemia.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHN1Ym11Y29zYWwu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ………… uterine leiomyomata can cause bulk-related symptoms (pelvic pressure, back/pelvic pain, sensation of incomplete voiding, and constipation).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN1YnNlcm9zYWwu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] ……….. is a malignant proliferation of smooth muscle arising from the myometrium. Usually seen in postmenopausal women and gross exam often shows a single lesion with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExlaW9teW9zYXJjb21hLg==[Qq]

[q] The most important predictor for progression of endometrial hyperplasia to carcinoma (major complication) is the presence of …………; simple hyperplasia with atypia has (higher or lower) risk to progresses to cancer (30%) in comparison to complex hyperplasia without atypia?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNlbGx1bGFyIGF0eXBpYSwgaGlnaGVyLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Risk factors of ………….. are related to unopposed estrogen exposure and include early menarche/late menopause, nulliparity, infertility with anovulatory cycles, and obesity.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVuZG9tZXRyaWFsIGNhcmNpbm9tYS4=[Qq]

[q] ………….. type of endometrial carcinoma arises in an atrophic endometrium with no evident precursor lesion. Histology is usually serous and is characterized by papillary structures with psammoma body formation; p53 mutation is common, and the tumor exhibits aggressive behavior.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHNwb3JhZGljLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

29 years old obese female presenting inability to conceive although unprotected sex with her husband for 1 year, menstrual irregularities between amenorrhea and abnormal uterine bleeding, and hirsutism + lab findings show LH:FSH ratio 3:1 + Pelvic ultrasound is shown below?

 

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBvbHljeXN0aWMgb3ZhcmlhbiBzeW5kcm9tZSAoUENPUyku[Qq]

[q] With time endometrial hyperplasia can result from chronic anovulation in Polycystic ovarian syndrome, which could progress to …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGVuZG9tZXRyaWFsIGNhbmNlci4=[Qq]

[q] The combined effect of increased total testosterone and decreased SHBG leads to elevated levels of free ………… which results in hirsutism.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRlc3Rvc3Rlcm9uZS4=[Qq]

[q] ……………. is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that can be used by  PCOS patients who desire pregnancy that prevents negative feedback inhibition on the hypothalamus by circulating estrogen, which results in increased gonadotropin production (FSH and LH) and ovulation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENsb21pcGhlbmUu[Qq]

[q] The first-line therapy for menstrual regulation is a combination of  ……………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHdlaWdodCBsb3NzIGFuZCBjb21iaW5lZCBlc3Ryb2dlbi9wcm9nZXN0aW4gb3JhbCBjb250cmFjZXB0aXZlcy4=[Qq]

[q] …………… will lower testosterone production by suppressing LH stimulation of the ovarian follicle theca cells and will also increase SHBG, thus decreasing free testosterone levels.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE9DUHMu[Qq]

[q] …………… is the leading cause of gynecological cancer deaths.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE92YXJpYW4gY2FuY2VyLg==[Qq]

[q] Ovaries in the postmenopausal age group should be atrophic; anytime they are enlarged, the suspicion of ……….. arises.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG92YXJpYW4gY2FuY2VyLg==[Qq]

[q] Oral contraceptive pills (increase or decrease) the risk of ovarian cancer?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlcyAoZGVjcmVhc2UgdGhlIHRvdGFsIG51bWJlciBvZiBsaWZldGltZSBvdnVsYXRpb25zKS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Majority of malignant ovarian tumors are …………………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGVwaXRoZWxpYWwgKHNlcm91cyBjeXN0YWRlbm9jYXJjaW5vbWEgbW9zdCBjb21tb24pLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q]  We can monitor response to therapy and recurrence of surface epithelial tumors by measuring ……………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENBIDEyNSBsZXZlbHMgKG5vdCBnb29kIGZvciBzY3JlZW5pbmcpLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old female patient presenting with bilateral adenexal mass + ultrasound shows bilateral homogenous cyst without loculations + Histology shows benign cyst with fallopian tube-like epithelium?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlcm91cyBjeXN0YWRlbm9tYS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old female patient presenting with bilateral adenexal mass + ultrasound shows bilateral homogenous cyst without loculations + Histology shows malignant cyst with fallopian tube-like epithelium and psammoma bodies?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlcm91cyBjeXN0YWRlbm9jYXJjaW5vbWEu[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old female patient presenting with unilateral adenexal mass + ultrasound shows unilateral multilocular cyst + Histology shows benign cyst lined with endocervix-like epithelium?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE11Y2lub3VzIGN5c3RhZGVub21hLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old female patient presenting with unilateral adenexal mass + ultrasound shows unilateral multilocular cyst + Histology shows malignant cyst lined with endocervix-like epithelium + intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE11Y2lub3VzIGN5c3RhZGVub2NhcmNpbm9tYS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old female patient presenting with unilateral adenexal mass + ultrasound shows unilateral mass + Histology shows benign mass lined with transitional epithelium similar to Bladder + “Coffee bean” nuclei on H&E stain?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJyZW5uZXIgdHVtb3Iu[Qq]

[q] ……………. is the 2nd most common type of ovarian tumor (15% of cases).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdlcm0gY2VsbCB0dW1vcnMu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

44 years old female patient presenting with unilateral adenexal mass + ultrasound shows unilateral cystic tumor + Histology shows skin, hair, teeth, bone, and cartilage?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1hdHVyZSB0ZXJhdG9tYSAoJiM4MjIwO2Rlcm1vaWQgY3lzdCYjODIyMTspLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] (Immature or mature) teratoma is aggressively malignant commonly diagnosed before age 20. Typically represented by immature/embryonic-like neural tissue (neuroectoderm).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEltbWF0dXJlIHRlcmF0b21hICg1JSku[Qq]

[q] ………….. is the most common malignant germ cell tumor in adolescents. Seen commonly in Turner syndrome. Composed of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei (resemble oocytes). Tumor markers that may be associated with it are ………………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IER5c2dlcm1pbm9tYSwg4oaRIGhDRywgTERILg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] …………. is the most common germ cell tumor in children. Serum AFP is often elevated. 50% have Schiller-Duval bodies (glomerulus-like structures) are classically seen on histology.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFlvbGsgc2FjIChFbmRvZGVybWFsIHNpbnVzKSB0dW1vci4=[Qq]

[q] ………..  is a malignant tumor composed of trophoblasts and syncytlotrophoblasts; mimics placental tissue, but villi are absent with early hematogenous spread. High β-hCG is characteristic (produced by syncytiotrophoblasts); may lead to thecal cysts in the ovary and have poor response to chemotherapy.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENob3Jpb2NhcmNpbm9tYS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

6 years old female child presenting with breast development in tanner stage 2 and growth of pubic hair + during examination there is pelvic mass +  Histology shows Call-Exner bodies?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdyYW51bG9zYS10aGVjYSBjZWxsIHR1bW9yLg==[Qq]

[q] Testicular counterpart of dysgerminoma is called ………….. which is a relatively common germ cell tumor in males.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHNlbWlub21hLg==[Qq]

[q] ……………… is a type of ovarian tumor that resembles testicular histology with tubules/cords lined by pink Sertoli cells. It may produce androgens → virilization (hirsutism, male pattern baldness, clitoral enlargement).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlcnRvbGktTGV5ZGlnIGNlbGwgdHVtb3Iu[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

44 years old female patient presenting with unilateral adenexal mass + Histology shows bundles of spindle-shaped fibroblasts + ascites, pleural effusion and dyspnea and Pulling sensation in groin.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1laWdzIHN5bmRyb21lLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

52 years old female with history of diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma presenting with bilateral adenexal mass + Histology shows signet ring cells with large amounts of mucin displacing the nucleus peripherally?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEtydWtlbmJlcmcgdHVtb3Iu[Qq]

[q]…………….. helps distinguish metastases from primary mucinous carcinoma of the ovary, which is usually ……………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJpbGF0ZXJhbGl0eSwgdW5pbGF0ZXJhbC4=[Qq]

[q] The most common cause of a simple cystic mass in the reproductive age years is a ……………..?.  May be associated with hyperestrogenism, endometrial hyperplasia.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHBoeXNpb2xvZ2ljIGN5c3QgKGx1dGVhbCBvciBmb2xsaWN1bGFyIGN5c3QpLg==[Qq]

[q] …………… are bilateral functional ovarian cyst stimulated by high levels of FSH and β-hCG (ovarian hyperstimulation). They are associated with twins and molar pregnancies, but they are only rarely associated with a normal singleton pregnancy. The natural course of these tumors is postpartum spontaneous regression and require only conservative management.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZWNhIEx1dGVpbiBDeXN0cy4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

33 years old female with history of dermoid cyst presenting with sudden onset Pelvic pain, nausea, vomiting, and low-grade fever + Doppler ultrasound shows absent blood flow to the ovary?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE92YXJpYW4gdG9yc2lvbi4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

22 years old female who is a long distance runner presenting with amenorrhea, osteopenia, vaginal atrophy, and breast atrophy + lab findings show ↓ LH, FSH, estrogen?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZ1bmN0aW9uYWwgaHlwb3RoYWxhbWljIGFtZW5vcnJoZWEu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old female presenting with amenorrhea, vaginal bleeding, and unilateral pelvic-abdominal pain. Pregnancy test is done and was positive + Failure of ultrasound to see a normal intrauterine gestational sac when the serum β-hCG titer is >1,500 mIU?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVjdG9waWMgUHJlZ25hbmN5Lg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] The most common location of ectopic pregnancies is ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGZhbGxvcGlhbiB0dWJlLg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] In case of …………, uterine curettage would reveal decidual changes in the endometrium due to progesterone secretion but no embryonic or trophoblastic tissue (no villi).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVjdG9waWMgUHJlZ25hbmN5Lg==

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Ectopic pregnancy + signs of peritoneal irritation (abdominal guarding and rigidity) and Hypotension & tachycardia are suggestive of …………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJ1cHR1cmVkIChjb21wbGljYXRlZCkuIGVjdG9waWMgcHJlZ25hbmN5Lg==[Qq]

[q] The most common cause of spontaneous abortion is …………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNocm9tb3NvbWFsIGFub21hbGllcy4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

30 years old female patient presenting with painful late pregnancy bleeding after motor vehicle accident + ultrasound shows normal fundal or lateral uterine wall placental implantation not over the lower uterine segment?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBsYWNlbnRhbCBhYnJ1cHRpb24gKGFicnVwdGlvIHBsYWNlbnRhZSku

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Placental abruption puts the patient at risk for ……….. due to tissue factor released by decidual bleeding

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRpc3NlbWluYXRlZCBpbnRyYXZhc2N1bGFyIGNvYWd1bGF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

30 years old female patient G5, P4 presenting with painless late pregnancy bleeding + ultrasound shows placental implantation over the lower uterine segment?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBsYWNlbnRhIHByZXZpYS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

30 years old female patient G5, P4 presenting with painless late pregnancy bleeding, followed by fetal bradycardia (< 110 beats/min) after rupture of the memranes + ultrasound shows

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZhc2EgcHJldmlhLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Causes of Vasa previa are …………. and …………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHZlbGFtZW50b3VzIGluc2VydGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgdW1iaWxpY2FsIGNvcmQsIGFjY2Vzc29yeSAoc3VjY2VudHVyaWF0ZSkgcGxhY2VudGFsIGxvYmUu[Qq]

[q] Placenta ……………. occurs when the villi invade the deeper layers of the endometrial deciduus basalis but do not penetrate the myometrium.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGFjY3JldGEu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Placenta ……….. occurs when the villi invade the myometrium but do not reach the uterine serosal surface or the bladder.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGluY3JldGEu

Cg==

Jm5ic3A7

Cg==

[Qq]

[q] Placenta ………….. occurs when the villi invade all the way to the uterine serosa (invades entire uterine wall) or into the rectum or bladder (can result in hematuria).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHBlcmNyZXRhLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………… is the most common cause of excessive postpartum bleeding.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHV0ZXJpbmUgYXRvbnku[Qq]

[q] If uterine massage, oxytocin failed to control excessive postpartum hemorrhage, ……………….. can be used and save the uterus if the mother still desire fertility.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHN1cmdpY2FsIGxpZ2F0aW9uIG9mIHV0ZXJpbmUgb3IgaW50ZXJuYWwgaWxpYWMgYXJ0ZXJ5ICh3aWxsIHByZXNlcnZlIGZlcnRpbGl0eSBzaW5jZSBvdmFyaWFuIGFydGVyaWVzIHByb3ZpZGUgY29sbGF0ZXJhbCBjaXJjdWxhdGlvbiku[Qq]

[q] ………….  is diagnosed with sustained elevation of BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg after 20 weeks of pregnancy without proteinuria. BP returns to normal baseline postpartum and no symptoms of preeclampsia are seen.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdlc3RhdGlvbmFsIGh5cGVydGVuc2lvbi4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. new-onset hypertension with either proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction after 20th week of gestation. End-organ dysfunction may include symptoms (headache, epigastric pain, visual changes), thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000/mL), doubling of liver transaminases, pulmonary edema, serum creatinine >1.1 mg/dL, or doubling of serum creatinine.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByZWVjbGFtcHNpYS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………….  should be used in cases of preeclampsia to prevent seizure.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElWIG1hZ25lc2l1bSBzdWxmYXRlLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] The definitive treatment of Preeclampsia is …………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRlbGl2ZXJ5IG9mIGZldHVzLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is the presence of unexplained generalized seizures in a hypertensive, proteinuric pregnant woman in the last half of pregnancy.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVjbGFtcHNpYS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is a potential manifestation of severe preeclampsia (preeclampsia with thrombotic microangiopathy involving the liver). Characterized by Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets. Blood smear shows schistocytes.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEhFTExQIHN5bmRyb21lLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. is the most common benign GTN. It results from fertilization of an empty egg with a single X sperm resulting in paternally derived (androgenetic) normal 46, XX karyotype. No fetus, umbilical cord or amniotic fluid is seen. The uterus is filled with grape-like vesicles composed of edematous avascular villi. Ultrasounds shows snowstorm appearance. Its  progression to malignancy is 20%.

 

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENvbXBsZXRlIG1vbGUu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is the less common benign GTN. It results from fertilization of a normal egg with two sperm resulting in triploid 69, XXY karyotype. A fetus, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid is seen which results ultimately in fetal demise. Its progression to malignancy is 10%.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEluY29tcGxldGUgbW9sZS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Serial measurements of ………….. should be performed following evacuation of a hydatidiform mole. Persistently elevated or rising levels may signify the development of an invasive mole or choriocarcinoma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IM6yLWhDRy4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

32 years old female patient with history of hydatidiform mole that was evacuated through dilation and curettage presenting with abnormal vaginal bleeding, uterine enlargement, and significantly increased beta human chorionic gonadotropin levels + patient also complain of chest pain, hemoptysis, and dyspnea and chest xray is shown below?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENob3Jpb2NhcmNpbm9tYS4=[Qq]

[q]……………. is the most common breast congenital anomalies seen in women and men and occurs due to ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGFjY2Vzc29yeSBuaXBwbGVzIChwb2x5dGhlbGlhKSzCoGZhaWx1cmUgb2YgYXBwcm9wcmlhdGUgaW52b2x1dGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgbWFtbWFyeSByaWRnZS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q]………… is associated with breast-feeding and presents as an erythematous breast with purulent nipple discharge.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExhY3RhdGlvbmFsIG1hc3RpdGlzLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Lactational mastitis is usually due to infection with ………….. in breastfeeding female.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFN0YXBoeWxvY29jY3VzIGF1cmV1cy4=[Qq]

[q] Treatment of lactational mastitis involves ………………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNvbnRpbnVlZCBkcmFpbmFnZSAoYnJlYXN0LWZlZWRpbmcpIGFuZCBhbnRpYmlvdGljcyAoZGljbG94YWNpbGxpbiku[Qq]

[q] …………. is usually related to breast trauma (breast surgery or seatbelt injury). Presents as a painless mass on physical exam or abnormal calcification on mammography (due to saponification). Can mimic breast cancer in its clinical and radiographic presentation but biopsy shows necrotic fat with associated calcifications and giant cells.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZhdCBuZWNyb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] ……………… are a common cause of cyclic breast pain in women of reproductive age. Classic clinical findings are diffusely nodular lumpy breasts with non-focal tenderness (often bilateral) and no nipple discharge or lymphadenopathy. Symptoms typically improve during or after menstruation. Cysts have a blue-dome appearance on gross exam.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZpYnJvY3lzdGljIGJyZWFzdCBjaGFuZ2VzLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] In ………………., there is increased acini and stromal fibrosis, associated with calcifications → 2 times increased risk for invasive breast carcinoma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNjbGVyb3NpbmcgYWRlbm9zaXMu[Qq]

[q] In …………….., there is increased cells in terminal ductal or lobular epithelium with atypical cells → 5x increased risk or invasive breast carcinoma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVwaXRoZWxpYWwgaHlwZXJwbGFzaWEu[Qq]

[q] ………….. is the most common breast tumor found in adolescence and young women. It presents with rubbery, mobile, and well-circumscribed mass, and is located in the outer quadrant of the breast (breast mouse).  ↑ size and tenderness with ↑ estrogen (pregnancy, prior to menstruation).  Histologically, they are characterized by a benign-appearing cellular or myxoid stroma that encircles epithelium-lined glandular and cystic spaces (arrow).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZpYnJvYWRlbm9tYS4=[Qq]

[q] ………… is the most common cause of unilateral bloody discharge in premenopausal females without a coexisting breast mass. It presents with bloody discharge without a corresponding breast mass or nipple changes in the setting of normal mammography.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGludHJhZHVjdGFsIHBhcGlsbG9tYS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] The most distinctive gross feature of fibroadenomas that allows them to be distinguished from other breast lumps is ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZWlyIG1vYmlsaXR5Lg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. is a Fibroadenoma-Iike tumor with overgrowth of the fibrous component; characteristic ‘leaf-like’ projections are seen on biopsy. Most commonly seen in postmenopausal women. Can be malignant in some cases.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBoeWxsb2RlcyB0dW1vci4=[Qq]

[q] …………… is the most common carcinoma in women by incidence (excluding skin cancer) and the 2nd most common cause of cancer mortality in women.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJyZWFzdCBjYW5jZXIu[Qq]

[q] Overlying skin retractions (dimpling) in breast cancer signal involvement of ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHN1c3BlbnNvcnkgbGlnYW1lbnRzIG9mIHRoZSBicmVhc3QgKENvb3BlciBsaWdhbWVudCku

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………………  is the most important prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEF4aWxsYXJ5IGx5bXBoIG5vZGUgbWV0YXN0YXNpcy4=[Qq]

[q] …………… is a malignant proliferation of cells in ducts with no invasion of the basement membrane. Often detected as microcalcifications on mammography and not usually produce a mass. The most common type is …………. which is characterized by solid sheets of pleomorphic, high-grade nuclei with extensive central necrosis and dystrophic calcification in the center of ducts.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IER1Y3RhbCBjYXJjaW5vbWEgaW4gc2l0dSAoRENJUykswqBDb21lZG9jYXJjaW5vbWEu[Qq]

[q] …………….. is DCIS that extends up the ducts to involve the skin of the nipple. Presents as nipple ulceration and erythema (eczematous patches on nipple) and almost always associated with an underlying carcinoma (DCIS or IDC).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBhZ2V0IGRpc2Vhc2Ugb2YgdGhlIGJyZWFzdC4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……………….. is a malignant proliferation of cells in lobules with no invasion of the basement membrane. It does not produce a mass or calcifications and is usually discovered incidentally on biopsy. Characterized by dyscohesive cells lacking E-cadherin adhesion protein. Often multifocal and bilateral. ↑ risk of cancer in either breast (vs DCIS, same breast and quadrant).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExvYnVsYXIgY2FyY2lub21hIGluIHNpdHUgKExDSVMpLg==[Qq]

[q] …………… is the most common type of invasive breast carcinoma in the breast, accounting for > 80% of cases. Presents as Firm, fibrous, “rock-hard” mass with sharp margins duct-like cells in desmoplastic stroma. Advanced tumors may result in dimpling of the skin or retraction of the nipple (indicates involvement of Cooper’s ligament).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEludmFzaXZlIGR1Y3RhbCBjYXJjaW5vbWEu[Qq]

[q] ……………… is invasive breast carcinoma that characteristically grows in a single-file pattern ” Indian file”. No duct formation due to lack of E-cadherin. Often lacks desmoplastic response. Often bilateral with multiple lesions in the same location.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEludmFzaXZlIGxvYnVsYXIgY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is an uncommon breast malignancy that can mimic mastitis. Presents with diffuse breast erythema, warmth, pain, and edema with a peau d’orange (superficial dimpling, fine pitting) appearance. Patients commonly have axillary lymphadenopathy suggesting metastatic disease.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEluZmxhbW1hdG9yeSBicmVhc3QgY2FuY2VyLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Inflammatory breast cancer causes lymphatic obstruction and tissue swelling due to ………………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNvbGxlY3Rpb25zIG9mIG5lb3BsYXN0aWMgY2VsbHMgcGx1ZyB0aGUgZGVybWFsIGx5bXBoYXRpYyBjaGFubmVscy4=[Qq]

[q] ERB-B2 gene (HER2/neu) amplification is associated with response to ……………, antibody directed against the HER2 receptor.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRyYXN0dXp1bWFiIChIZXJjZXB0aW4pLg==[Qq]

[q] Overexpression of ………… protein is associated with increased rates of breast and ovarian cancer (accelerates cell proliferation).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEhFUjIvbmV1Lg==[Qq]

[q] BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations are the most important single gene mutations associated with hereditary breast cancer. These are tumor suppressor genes that function in …………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEROQSByZXBhaXIgYW5kIHJlZ3VsYXRpb24gb2YgdGhlIGNlbGwgY3ljbGUu[Qq]

[q] Male breast cancer is associated with ………….. and ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJSQ0EyIG11dGF0aW9ucyBhbmQgS2xpbmVmZWx0ZXIgc3luZHJvbWUu[Qq]

[q] Mention 4 drugs you know that cause gynecomastia as a side effect?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IChTcGlyb25vbGFjdG9uZSwgRGlnb3hpbiwgQ2ltZXRpZGluZSwgS2V0b2NvbmF6b2xlKS4=[Qq]

[q] …………. is abnormal curvature of penis due to fibrous plaque within tunica albuginea that can cause pain, anxiety, and erectile dysfunction.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBleXJvbmllIGRpc2Vhc2Uu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………… is a painful sustained erection lasting > 4 hours unrelated to sexual stimulation in patient with sickle cell disease.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElzY2hlbWljIHByaWFwaXNtLg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. is in situ carcinoma of the penile shaft that presents as leukoplakia (white plaque).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJvd2VuIGRpc2Vhc2Uu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………… is in situ carcinoma on the glans that presents as erythroplakia (red plaque).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVyeXRocm9wbGFzaWEgb2YgUXVleXJhdC4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is in situ carcinoma that presents as multiple reddish papules seen in younger patients (40s) relative to Bowen disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat and does not progress to invasive carcinoma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJvd2Vub2lkIHBhcHVsb3Npcy4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

25 years old male presenting with localized pain and tenderness over posterior testis and pain relief with scrotal elevation, and the cremasteric reflex is present (elevation of the ipsilateral testicle when the inner thigh is stroked)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVwaWRpZHltaXRpcy4=[Qq]

[q] The most common cause of epididymitis and orchitis in sexually active young males are ………. and ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEMuIHRyYWNob21hdGlzIGFuZCBOLiBnb25vcnJob2VhZS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

17 years old patient presenting with a profoundly tender, enlarged, high-riding testicle associated with marked scrotal swelling and erythema, absent cremasteric reflex (elevation of the ipsilateral testicle when the inner thigh is stroked) + Doppler ultrasound of the scrotum shows reduced blood flow through testicular artery?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRlc3RpY3VsYXIgdG9yc2lvbi4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] In case of unilateral, painful testis → look for prehn sign and cremasteric reflex, if positive think about ……….., and if negative think about ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGVwaWRpZHltaXRpcywgdGVzdGljdWxhciB0b3JzaW9uLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

34 years old patient presenting with scrotal swelling that increases in size with standing and Valsalva with a “bag of worms” appearance that does not transilluminate?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZhcmljb2NlbGUu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is a tortuous dilation of the pampiniform plexus of veins surrounding the spermatic cord and testis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFZhcmljb2NlbGUu[Qq]

[q] Varicoceles can cause elevated scrotal temperatures, increasing the risk for ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGluZmVydGlsaXR5IGFuZCB0ZXN0aWN1bGFyIGF0cm9waHku[Qq]

[q] Varicoceles are more common on the (right or left) side?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGxlZnQu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Patients with cryptorchidism are at increased risk for …………., especially when orchiopexy (moving the undescended testes into the scrotal sac) is not performed at an early age.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRlc3RpY3VsYXIgY2FuY2VyLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the effect of cryptorchidism on testosterone, inhibin, LH, and FSH?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRoZXJlIGlzIOKGkyB0ZXN0b3N0ZXJvbmUgaW4gYmlsYXRlcmFsIGNyeXB0b3JjaGlkaXNtIChMZXlkaWcgY2VsbHMgYXJlIG1vc3RseSB1bmFmZmVjdGVkIGJ5IHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlKSwgbm9ybWFsIGluIHVuaWxhdGVyYWwsIOKGkyBpbmhpYmluIGJ1dCDihpEgTEggYW5kIOKGkSBGU0ggKGF0cm9waHkvaHlhbGluaXphdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgc2VtaW5pZmVyb3VzIHR1YnVsZXMgZHVlIHRvIOKGkSBib2R5IHRlbXBlcmF0dXJlKS4=[Qq]

[q] When the processus vaginalis fails to obliterate, peritoneal fluid may accumulate within the processus vaginalis forming ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENvbW11bmljYXRpbmcgaHlkcm9jZWxlLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Hydrocele can be differentiated from other testicular masses by ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRyYW5zaWxsdW1pbmF0aW9uLg==[Qq]

[q] Communicating Hydroceles that do not resolve spontaneously should be removed surgically due to the risk of ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGluZ3VpbmFsIGhlcm5pYS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Most common type of testicular tumor (account for ∼ 95% of all testicular tumors) is ………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdlcm0gY2VsbCB0dW1vcnMu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] (Seminomas or Nonseminomas) are highly responsive to radiotherapy, metastasize late, and have an excellent prognosis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlbWlub21hcy4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] (Seminomas or Nonseminomas) show variable response to treatment and often metastasize early and have variable prognosis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vbnNlbWlub21hcy4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is the most common testicular tumor and is comprised of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei (resemble spermatogonia, “fried egg appearance”; forms a Painless homogeneous mass with no hemorrhage or necrosis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]wqBTZW1pbm9tYS4=[Qq]

[q] ………… is a malignant tumor comprised of immature, primitive cells that may produce glands; forms a Painful hemorrhagic mass with necrosis. It is rare to be pure tumor and most commonly mixed with other tumor types.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVtYnJ5b25hbCBjYXJjaW5vbWEu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. is the most common testicular tumor in children. Schiller-Duval bodies (glomerulus-like structures) are seen on histology. AFP is characteristically elevated.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFlvbGsgc2FjIChlbmRvZGVybWFsIHNpbnVzKSB0dW1vci4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is the most common cause of a testicular mass in males > 60 years old; often bilateral. It is not a 1° cancer; arises from metastatic lymphoma to testes and usually malignant, aggressive.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRlc3RpY3VsYXIgbHltcGhvbWEu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

65 years old male presenting with difficulty of intiating urination, strain to void with incomplete voiding + the digital rectal exam findings: the prostate has a rubbery, smooth consistency +  Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is slightly elevated?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJlbmlnbiBwcm9zdGF0aWMgaHlwZXJwbGFzaWEgKEJQSCku

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Microscopic or gross hematuria can sometimes arise in patients with BPH due to …………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBmb3JtYXRpb24gb2YgbmV3LCBmcmlhYmxlIGJsb29kIHZlc3NlbHMgaW4gdGhlIGFyZWEgb2YgcHJvc3RhdGljIGh5cGVycGxhc2lhLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………… occurs in the central periurethral and transition zones of the prostate (lateral and middle lobes), which compress the urethra into a vertical slit. But ………… usually arises in the peripheral, posterior region of the prostate, hence, does not produce urinary symptoms early on.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJlbmlnbiBwcm9zdGF0aWMgaHlwZXJwbGFzaWEgKEJQSCksIFByb3N0YXRlIGFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

65 years old male presenting with low back pain + xrays shows ostoblastic bone metastasis and increased serum alkaline phosphatase + digital rectal examination: asymmetric nodular enlargement of the prostate with significant elevation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb3N0YXRlIGFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] Cancers of the pelvis, including the prostate, spread to the lumbosacral spine via the vertebral venous plexus (VVP) through  its communication with …………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRoZSBwcm9zdGF0aWMgdmVub3VzIHBsZXh1cy4=[Qq]

[q] ……. and ……… are GnRH analogs. When used in pulsatile fashion act as GnRH agonists and when used in continuous fashion first transiently act as GnRH agonists (tumor flare), but subsequently act as GnRH antagonists (downregulate GnRH receptor in pituitary —> ↓FSH/LH). Can be used for treatment of uterine fibroids, endometriosis, precocious puberty, prostate cancer (continuous), infertility (pulsatile). And cause Hypogonadism (continuous use), ↓ libido, erectile dysfunction, nausea, vomiting as a side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEdvc2VyZWxpbiwgTGV1cHJvbGlkZS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……… is GnRH antagonist without start-up flare. Can be used for treatment of Prostate cancer and cause Hot flashes, liver toxicity as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERlZ2FyZWxpeC4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. are considered absolute contraindication to use estrogen.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVSIOKKlSBicmVhc3QgY2FuY2VyLCBoaXN0b3J5IG9mIERWVHMsIHRvYmFjY28gdXNlIGluIHdvbWVuICZndDsgMzUgeWVhcnMgb2xkLg==[Qq]

[q] ……… is a selective estrogen receptor modulators that works as antagonist at estrogen receptors in hypothalamus and prevents normal feedback inhibition and ↑ release of LH and FSH from pituitary, which stimulates ovulation. It cn be used to treat infertility due to anovulation (PCOS). May cause hot flashes, visual disturbances, ovarian enlargement, multiple simultaneous pregnancies as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENsb21pcGhlbmUgKEZlcnRpbGl0eSBwaWxscyku

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is a selective estrogen receptor modulators that works as antagonist at breast; agonist at bone, uterus. Used to treat and prevent recurrence of ER/PR ⊕ breast cancer. ↑ risk of thromboembolic events and endometrial cancer.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRhbW94aWZlbi4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is a selective estrogen receptor modulators that works as antagonist at breast, uterus; agonist at bone. Used primarily to treat osteoporosis. ↑ risk of thromboembolic events but no increased risk of endometrial cancer.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJhbG94aWZlbmUu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. inhibit peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogen. Used for treatment of ER ⊕ breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFyb21hdGFzZSBpbmhpYml0b3JzIChBbmFzdHJvem9sZSwgbGV0cm96b2xlLCBleGVtZXN0YW5lKS4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. bind progesterone receptors, ↓ growth and ↑ vascularization of endometrium, thicken cervical mucus. Can be used as a contraception method preferred in breastfeeding (forms include pill, intrauterine device, implant, depot injection), endometrial cancer (inhibit hyperplasia), abnormal uterine bleeding (stabilizes endometrium).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb2dlc3RpbnMuIA==TGV2b25vcg==Z2VzdA==[Qq]rel, medroxyprogesterone, etonogestrel, norethindrone, megest

[q] ………. is a competitive inhibitors of progestins at progesterone receptors. Can be used for termination of pregnancy or as emergency contraception.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFudGlwcm9nZXN0aW5zIChNaWZlcHJpc3RvbmUsIHVsaXByaXN0YWwpLg==[Qq]

[q] ………………. is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of breast cancer caused by tumor cells that overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). The major adverse effect of it is a risk of ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRyYXN0dXp1bWFiLCBjYXJkaW90b3hpY2l0eS4=[Qq]

[q] The main mechanism of action of Combined contraception is …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEVzdHJvZ2VuIGFuZCBwcm9nZXN0aW5zIGluaGliaXQgTEgvRlNIIGFuZCB0aHVzIHByZXZlbnQgZXN0cm9nZW4gc3VyZ2Uu[Qq]

[q] ……………. produces local inflammatory reaction toxic to sperm and ova, preventing fertilization and implantation. Long-acting reversible contraception and is the most effective emergency contraception.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENvcHBlciBpbnRyYXV0ZXJpbmUgZGV2aWNlLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is a tocolytic agent that works by β2-agonist action relaxing the uterus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRlcmJ1dGFsaW5lLg==[Qq]

[q] …………… is a synthetic androgen that acts as partial agonist at androgen receptors. Can be used for treatment of Endometriosis, hereditary angioedema. Cause weight gain, edema, acne, hirsutism, masculinization, ↓ HDL levels, hepatotoxicity as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERhbmF6b2wu[Qq]

[q] ……………. is a 5α-reductase inhibitor (↓ conversion of testosterone to DHT). Used for BPH and male pattern baldness. And cause gynecomastia (the excess testosterone is then available for conversion to estrogens by aromatase) and sexual dysfunction as adverse effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZpbmFzdGVyaWRlLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……………….. is a nonsteroidal competitive inhibitor at androgen receptors. Used for prostate carcinoma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]wqBGbHV0YW1pZGUsIGJpY2FsdXRhbWlkZSwgYXBhbHV0YW1pZGUsIGVuemFsdXRhbWlkZS4=[Qq]

[q] Men with prostate cancer who receive androgen-deprivation therapy  can develop gynecomastia. Treatment with ………….., a selective estrogen receptor modulator that acts as an estrogen antagonist in the breast, can reduce the risk of gynecomastia in these patients.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHRhbW94aWZlbi4=[Qq]

[q] …………… is α1-antagonist used to treat BPH by inhibiting smooth muscle contraction. Selective for α1A/D receptors (found on prostate) vs vascular α1B receptors (cause orthostatic hypotension).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRhbXN1bG9zaW4u[Qq]

[q] ……………… inhibit PDE-5 —> ↑ cGMP —> prolonged smooth muscle relaxation in response to NO —> blood flow in corpus cavernosum of penis, ↓ pulmonary vascular resistance. Risk of life-threatening hypotension in patients taking nitrates.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBob3NwaG9kaWVzdGVyYXNlIHR5cGUgNSBpbmhpYml0b3JzICg=U2lsZGVuYWZpbA==LCB2YXJkZW5hZmlsLCB0YWRhbGE=[Qq]fil).

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