A 14-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother.  She is concerned because although tall, her son looks much younger than his peers and shows no signs of “masculinity.”  On physical examination, the boy has poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics.  He is unable to distinguish smells but has good visual acuity.  Which of the following pathways is most likely defective in this patient?

A 63-year-old man comes to the office due to poor urine flow for several months.  The patient says that it takes about 10 seconds to initiate a urinary stream.  He also needs to strain when urinating or the stream just stops before his bladder is empty.  He has tried behavioral modifications, but the symptoms continue to be bothersome.  The patient takes lisinopril for hypertension.  He has smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for 30 years.  His father had urothelial cancer of the bladder.  He reports significant improvement several months after starting finasteride.  A therapeutic effect on which of the following structures is most likely responsible for this patient’s symptomatic improvement?

A 26-year-old woman is being evaluated for lower abdominal discomfort.  Medical history is significant for mild intermittent asthma and migraines without aura.  She has never been pregnant.  The patient is sexually active with her husband and they use condoms for contraception.  She drinks alcohol socially and does not use tobacco or illicit drugs.  Her mother was diagnosed with breast cancer at age 52 and her grandfather died of colon cancer at age 77.  BMI is 30 kg/m².  Ultrasound of the abdomen reveals a right-sided adnexal mass that is subsequently removed with laparoscopic surgery.  Histologic findings are shown in the image below:

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?