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[h] Cardiovascular System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ………….. occurs because truncus arteriosus fails to divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta due to lack of aorticopulmonary septum formation. Presents with early cyanosis; deoxygenated blood from right ventricle mixes with oxygenated blood from left ventricle before pulmonary and aortic circulations separate. Most patients have accompanying VSD.

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[q] ……….. results from failure of the fetal aorticopulmonary septum to spiral normally during septation of the truncus arteriosus. Associated with maternal diabetes. Echocardiogram shows an aorta lying anterior to and to the right of the pulmonary artery is diagnostic of transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Chest x-ray will show an “egg on a string” due to narrow mediastinum.

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[q] ……….. can be administered to maintain a PDA in patients with transposition of great vessels until definitive surgical repair is performed.

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[q] ………. is one of the congenital causes of early cyanosis because no outlet from the right atrium to the right ventricle. Associated atrial and ventricular septal defects are necessary for survival, allowing for mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to provide some oxygenated blood for the systemic circulation.

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[q] ………. is the most common cyanotic heart defect in children that result from deviation of the infundibular septum in utero and is characterized by pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect (VSD), overriding aorta. Chest x-ray showing a boot-shaped heart due to right ventricular hypertrophy.

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[q] ……….. presents with varying degrees of cyanosis depending on the severity of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Placement of patients in a knee-chest position (Squatting) during a cyanotic spell increases …………… and improves symptoms and cyanosis.

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[q] ………. is one of the congenital causes of early cyanosis because all four pulmonary veins are malpositioned and make anomalous connections to the systemic venous circulation. Associated with ASD and sometimes PDA to allow for right-to-left shunting to maintain CO.

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[q] ……… is the most common congenital cardiac defect. It presents with harsh, holosystolic murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border.

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[q] ……… is one of the congenital causes of late cyanosis and present with wide, fixed splitting of S2. O2 saturation ↑ in RA, RV, and pulmonary artery.

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[q] Failure of ductus arteriosus to close is associated with …………?

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[q]  is associated with “Continuous machinery-like” murmur due to constant movement of blood from the high-pressure aorta to the low-pressure pulmonary artery.

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[q] Therapy with ………… successfully closes patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in the majority of patients, but ………… keeps it open.

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[q] ………… results from thickening of the tunica media near the junction of ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch. It is associated with a PDA; coarctation lies after (distal to) the aortic arch, but before (proximal to) the PDA. It Presents as lower extremity exercise intolerance in infants. It has a frequent association with Turner syndrome.

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[q] ……….. results from thickening of the tunica media near the junction of ductus arteriosus and the aortic arch. It is not associated with a PDA; coarctation lies after (distal to) the aortic arch and ligamentum arteriosum. It presents as hypertension in the upper extremities and hypotension with weak pulses in the lower extremities (brachial-femoral delay); classically discovered in adulthood. Chest x-ray usually demonstrates inferior notching of the third to eighth ribs.

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[q] Differential clubbing and cyanosis without blood pressure or pulse discrepancy are pathognomonic for ……….?

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[q] ………… is characterized by displacement of tricuspid valve leaflets downward into RV, artificially “atrializing” the ventricle. Can be caused by lithium exposure in utero to female with bipolar disorder.

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