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[h] Endocrinology Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

36 years old patient presenting with confusion, disorientation, headache that resolves after drinking juice + the patient has high insulin, C-peptide and negative urine dug assay?

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

30 years old patient presenting with diarrhea, recurrent multiple duodenal ulcers that extend to jejunum and resistant to treatment + Gastrin levels remain elevated after administration of secretin?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFpvbGxpbmdlci1FbGxpc29uIHN5bmRyb21lIChnYXN0cmlub21hKS4=[Qq]

[q] Workup of all patients with newly diagnosed gastrinoma or inslinoma should include measurement of serum calcium, PTH, and pituitary hormones, because of the association with …….?

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

29 years old patient presenting with hyperglycemia + elevated painful and pruritic rash typically affecting the face, groin, and extremities. Over time, coalesce to form large lesions with central clearing of bronze-colored induration, Normocytic normochromic anemia, diarrhea, anorexia and abdominal pain?

 

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[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

34 years old patient presenting with hyperglycemia, steatorrhea (excessive fat in the feces), and gallbladder stones with low level of secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastrin?

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

19 years old patient presenting with neck lump that increase in size, biopsy shows polygonal cells with background amyloid deposits, high calcium and parathyroid, episodic headache, hypertension, sweating and palpitation, and elevated metanephrines in plasma with elevated urine vanillylmandelic acid?

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[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

19 years old patient presenting with neck lump that increase in size, biopsy shows polygonal cells with background amyloid deposits, flesh-colored nodules on his lips and tongue, tall and slender with disproportionately long arms, legs, and fingers, episodic headache, hypertension, sweating and palpitation, and elevated metanephrines in plasma with elevated urine vanillylmandelic acid?

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[q] The genetic defect associated with MEN 2A and 2B is …….?

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[q] ……. is produced by stomach and stimulates hunger (orexigenic effect) and GH release (via GH secretagog receptor) by acting on lateral area of hypothalamus (hunger center) to ↑ appetite.

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[q] ……. is produced by adipose tissue and acts on ventromedial area of hypothalamus (satiety center) to ↓ appetite.

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[f]IExlcHRpbi4gTGVwdGluIGtlZXBzIHlvdSB0aGluLg==[Qq]

[q] Steroids, thyroid hormones, vitamin D are examples of (Lipid-Soluble Hormones or Water-Soluble Hormones).

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[q] Anterior pituitary Basophils and glucagon use ……. as a second messenger to transduce its intracellular signaling pathway.

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[q] GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1-receptor), TRH use ……. as a second messenger to transduce its intracellular signaling pathway.

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[q] Insulin and growth factors use (Intrinsic tyrosine kinase or Receptor-associated tyrosine kinase) receptors.

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[Qq]

[q] Anterior pituitary acidophils and cytokines use (Intrinsic tyrosine kinase or Receptor-associated tyrosine kinase) receptors.

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[q] G protein-coupled receptors that bind glycoprotein hormones contain 3 major domains. ………. is made up of nonpolar, hydrophobic amino acids (alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, proline, glycine). These amino acids are arranged in an alpha-helical fashion and project their hydrophobic R groups outwardly, anchoring the transmembrane region of the protein to the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer.

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[q] PI3K pathway of insulin promotes glycogen synthesis by activating ……… an enzyme that dephosphorylates glycogen synthase, leading to its activation.

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[q] Protein kinase A is primarily responsible for the intracellular effects of the ………. second messenger system.

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[q] Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) produces most of the intracellular effects of Gq pathway by increasing intracellular calcium, and elevated intracellular calcium and DAG activates ………?

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[q] Ras proteins exist in 2 different states: an inactive …… bound state and an active …… bound state.

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[q] RAS gene mutations can lead to decreased intrinsic ………., this results in a constitutively activated Ras protein that causes constant and unregulated cell proliferation.

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[q] When phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is activated, it phosphorylates PIP2 found in the plasma membrane to PIP3. This leads to activation of a protein called Akt (or protein kinase B), a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase. Subsequently, Akt activates mTOR, which ……..?

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[f]IHRyYW5zbG9jYXRlcyB0byB0aGUgbnVjbGV1cyB0byBpbmR1Y2UgZ2VuZXMgaW52b2x2ZWQgaW4gY2VsbCBzdXJ2aXZhbCwgYW50aS1hcG9wdG9zaXMsIGFuZCBhbmdpb2dlbmVzaXMu

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[Qq]

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