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[h] Cardiovascular System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] Adrenal cortex is derived from …………., but adrenal medulla is derived from …………?

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[f]IG1lc29kZXJtLCBuZXVyYWwgY3Jlc3Qu[Qq]

[q] The outer zona Glomerulosa → synthesizes …………. which is under the control of ………….?

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[f]IG1pbmVyYWxvY29ydGljb2lkcywgUmVuaW4g4oCTIGFuZ2lvdGVuc2luLg==

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[q] The outer zona Fasciculata → synthesizes …………. which is under the control of ………….?

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[q] The outer zona Reticularis → synthesizes …………. which is under the control of ………….?

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[q] Excessive secretion of ACTH (primary adrenal insufficiency) causes darkening of the skin due to associated increase of ………?

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[q] Cortisol has permissive effect on Blood pressure. It ↑ vascular reactivity of blood vessels to norepinephrine and epinephrine by ………….?

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[q] Cortisol cause neutrophilia due to …………?

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[q] The main sensory input that controls secretion of aldosterone is ………… which are are modified smooth muscle cells which surround and directly monitor the pressure in the afferent arteriole.

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[q] Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is found mainly in ……….. and converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II.

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[q] ………….. is hypercortisolism regardless of origin, including chronic glucocorticoid therapy.

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[q] …………. is hypercortisolism due to an adenoma of the anterior pituitary.

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[f]IEN1c2hpbmcgZGlzZWFzZS4=[Qq]

[q] ………… suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis –> ↓ ACTH –> Bilateral adrenal atrophy.

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[q]  ……….. cause increase of endogenous corticosteroids –> ↓ ACTH with atrophy of the uninvolved adrenal gland.

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[q] ……… is best initial test for the presence of hypercortisolism.

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[Qq]

[q] ………. is the best initial test to determine the cause (source) or location of hypercortisolism.

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[Qq]

[q] ACTH testing is the best initial test to determine the cause (source) or location of hypercortisolism. If ACTH level is low, this means the origin is in …………..? And if ACTH level high, this means the origin is either in ……….. or ……….?

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[f]IHRoZSBhZHJlbmFsIGdsYW5kLCB0aGUgcGl0dWl0YXJ5IGdsYW5kIG9yIGZyb20gdGhlIGVjdG9waWMgcHJvZHVjdGlvbiBvZiBBQ1RILg==

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[Qq]

[q] Causes of ACTH dependent Cushing syndrome are ……….. and …………? To differentiate between them, you can use …………?. If high-dose dexamethasone suppresses the ACTH, the origin is ……… and if high-dose dexamethasone does not suppress the ACTH, the origin is ………?

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[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

46 years old patient presenting with develop significant hypotension, hyperkalemia, hyperchloremic acidosis, and hyperpigmentation of skin and oral mucosa. The patient also has DM and rheumatoid arthritis. The patient has low A.M cortisol and failure of cortisol to be raised after ACTH stimulation. Random ACTH measurement shows elevated ACTH?

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[q] ……….. is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in developed countries? and ………. is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in developing countries.

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

In case of adrenal insufficiency but the am or random cortisol result are inconclusive. The result of metyrapone stimulation test: Low ACTH and low 11 deoxycortisol?

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[q] When pharmacological doses of glucocorticoid therapy are used for more than three weeks duration, treatment cessation should be gradual (steroid taper) to prevent development of ……….?

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[q] Type 1 diabetes mellitus (due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic B-cells) increases the risk of developing ……….?

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[q] Meningococcal septicemia can cause adrenal hemorrhage leading to ……….?

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[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

30 years old female with history of preexisting primary adrenal insufficiency presenting with fever, nausea, vomiting, profound hypotension, confusion, and coma after being admitted in ICU due to pneumonia?

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[q] Treatment with …………. is more important than testing in acute adrenal crisis.

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