A 53-year-old man comes to the office due to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus.  The patient was diagnosed 3 years ago and prescribed metformin and lifestyle modification.  In the past year, his hemoglobin A1c levels have been steadily rising.  Blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg.  BMI is 37 kg/m².  Laboratory results are normal except for a fasting plasma glucose of 155 mg/dL and a hemoglobin A1c level of 8%.  Additional treatment with canagliflozin is initiated.  Over the next several days, which of the following effects are most likely to occur in this patient due to the new medication?

A 52-year-old man comes to the office due to easy bruisibility and muscle weakness.  Medical history is unremarkable, but the patient has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years.  Blood pressure is 160/110 mm Hg, and pulse is 80/min.  BMI is 29 kg/m².  Physical examination shows facial plethora, slight centripetal distribution of body fat, diffuse skin pigmentation, and bilateral peripheral edema.  Fasting blood glucose is 160 mg/dL and creatinine is 1.2 mg/dL.  Chest x-ray reveals a lung mass.  Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s elevated blood pressure?

A 35-year-old woman who is being treated for bipolar disorder complains of excessive thirst and frequent urination.  She awakens 3-4 times nightly to void.  A urinalysis performed after 8 hours of nothing to eat or adrink shows the following:

Which of the following parts of the nephron is most likely impaired in this patient?

A 34-year-old healthy woman enrolls in a clinical trial.  She receives an intravenous infusion of glucose to achieve various steady-state plasma concentrations.  Urinary volume and urinary glucose excretion are measured at different plasma glucose levels.  The data are extrapolated to determine the normal (baseline) relationship between plasma glucose concentration and renal glucose reabsorption.  The experiment is repeated following administration of the study medication (after treatment).  The results are shown in the image below:

Which of the following medications was most likely used in this study?