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[h] Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] Short gastric and left gastroepiploic branches of the stomach are branches of …… artery.

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[q] The right gastric and right gastroepiploic branches of the stomach are branches of …… artery.

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[q] The short gastric arteries have very poor anastomoses, and the tissue supplied by them is vulnerable to ischemic injury following ……..?

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[q] Chronic portal hypertension leads to dilation of small, pre-existing vascular channels between the portal and systemic circulations. These dilated collateral vessels (portosystemic anastomoses) commonly form in the anterior abdomen —> ……., lower rectum —> …… , and inferior end of the esophagus —> ….

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[q] Treatment with a ……. between the portal vein and hepatic vein relieves portal hypertension by shunting blood to the systemic circulation, bypassing the liver. Can precipitate hepatic encephalopathy.

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[q] The dilated collateral vessels (portosystemic anastomoses) in Esophageal varices are ….. and …..?

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[q] The dilated collateral vessels (portosystemic anastomoses) in Caput medusae are ….. and …..?

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[q] The dilated collateral vessels (portosystemic anastomoses) in Anorectal varices are ….. and …..?

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[q] ………. can increase pressure in the short gastric veins and cause gastric varices only in the fundus. The rest of the stomach and esophagus are usually not affected (isolated gastric varices).

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[q] External hemorrhoids originate below the dentate line, are covered by modified squamous epithelium and have cutaneous (somatic) nervous innervation from the inferior rectal nerve, a branch of …….?

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[q] Internal hemorrhoids originate above the dentate line and are covered by columnar epithelium. They have autonomic innervation from the …….., which is only sensitive to stretch and not pain, temperature, or touch.

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[q] The type of epithelium of esophagus is ……..?

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[q] The surface of stomach is lined by ….. epithelium.

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[q] Oxyntic or parietal cells secrete ….. into the stomach lumen in response to histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine. These cells also secrete ….. (a glycoprotein necessary for absorption of vitamin B12).

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[q] ….. secrete pepsinogen, an enzyme precursor that is stored in secretory (zymogen) granules before its induced secretion. Low pH, in the stomach lumen, converts pepsinogen to pepsin.

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[q] ….. are lymphoid aggregates specific to the ileum in lamina propria and submucosa.

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[q] Excess gastric acid secretion, such as seen in Helicobacter pylori infection, can cause increased production of secretin that, over time, can lead to hyperplasia of ……

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[q] When stimulated during liver injury, …… may release type I collagen and other matrix components into the space of Disse, contributing to scarring of the liver in some diseases (cirrhosis due to ethanol).

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[q] Zone …. is affected 1st by viral hepatitis.

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[q] Zone …. is the zone affected by Yellow fever.

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[q] Zone …. is affected 1st by viral ischemia, Contains cytochrome P-450 system, Most sensitive to metabolic toxins (ethanol, CCl4, halothane, rifampin, acetaminophen).

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