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[h] Gastrointestinal System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] Acute inflammation of the appendix can be due to obstruction by ….. in adults or …….. in children.

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[f]IGZlY2FsaXRoLCBseW1waG9pZCBoeXBlcnBsYXNpYS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

14 years old patient presenting with migratory, vague periumbilical pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. The pain becomes sharp and localizes to the RLQ + During examination: there is pain with palpation at McBumey point, RLQ pain with deep palpation of the LLQ + CBC shows leukocytosis?

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[q] ………. is the most common appendiceal tumors.

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[f]IENhcmNpbm9pZCB0dW1vci4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

26 years old patient presenting with cutaneous flushing, secretory diarrhea, dyspnea with wheezing, and pulmonic stenosis + Increased level of the 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) in a 24-hour urine sample?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENhcmNpbm9pZCB0dW1vci4=[Qq]

[q] Acute mesenteric ischemia is the acute occlusion of mesenteric arteries, most commonly ………..?

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[f]IHRoZSBzdXBlcmlvciBtZXNlbnRlcmljIGFydGVyeS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

44 years old patient with history of atrial fibrillation presenting with acute-onset, severe, midabdominal pain out of proportion to physical examination findings + Labs show increased lactic acid and leukocytosis?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFjdXRlIG1lc2VudGVyaWMgaXNjaGVtaWEu[Qq]

[q] Chronic mesenteric ischemia results from atherosclerotic disease of 2 or more mesenteric vessels. Most cases are due to atherosclerotic changes of the ….. or …….?

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[f]IGNlbGlhYyBvciBzdXBlcmlvciBtZXNlbnRlcmljIGFydGVyaWVzLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old patient, diabetic, hypertensive presenting with crampy postprandial epigastric pain within the first hour of eating and slowly resolves over the next 2 hours. , food aversion, and weight loss?

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[f]IENocm9uaWMgbWVzZW50ZXJpYyBpc2NoZW1pYS4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

51 years old patient present presenting with acute abdominal pain and lower gastrointestinal bleeding (hematochezia) following an episode of hypotension during repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

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[f]IENvbG9uaWMgaXNjaGVtaWEu[Qq]

[q] The most commonly involved segments of the colon during colonic ischemia include ……. at the “watershed” line between the territory of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries and …… at the watershed between the sigmoid artery and superior rectal artery.

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[f]IHRoZSBzcGxlbmljIGZsZXh1cmUsIHRoZSByZWN0b3NpZ21vaWQganVuY3Rpb24u

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[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old patient presenting with recurrent, painless gastrointestinal bleeding (hematochezia), Endoscopy shows Tortuous dilation of vessels found in right-sided colon?

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[f]IEFuZ2lvZHlzcGxhc2lhLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old patient presenting with recurrent, painless gastrointestinal bleeding (hematochezia), Endoscopy shows outpouching of the mucosa of the sigmoid colon?

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[f]IENvbG9uaWMgZGl2ZXJ0aWN1bGEu

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[q] Colonic diverticula are considered (true or false) diverticulum.

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[f]IEZhbHNlIGRpdmVydGljdWx1bSAoT3V0cG91Y2hpbmdzIG9mIG11Y29zYSBhbmQgc3VibXVjb3NhIHRocm91Z2ggdGhlIG11c2N1bGFyaXMgcHJvcHJpYSku[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old patient presenting with appendicitis-like symptoms in the left lower quadrant + CBC shows leukocytosis

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[q] …….. composed of well-differentiated mucosal cells that form glands and crypts. Occasionally evolves into serrated polyps and more advanced lesions.

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[f]IEh5cGVycGxhc3RpYyBwb2x5cHMu[Qq]

[q] …….. consist of mucosal glands, smooth muscle and connective tissue. They may occur sporadically or in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome or juvenile polyposis.

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[f]IEhhbWFydG9tYXRvdXMgcG9seXBzLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. are seen in ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. They are composed of regenerating intestinal mucosa.

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[q] …….. are small, usually < 5 mm. Look similar to normal mucosa. Clinically insignificant.

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[q] …… are typically composed of lipomas or lymphoid aggregates that bulge up into the mucosa.

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[q] ……… is composed of dysplastic colonic mucosal cells that form tubular-shaped glands.

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R3JlYXRlc3QgcmlzayBmb3IgcHJvZ3Jlc3Npb24gZnJvbSBhZGVub21hIHRvIGNhcmNpbm9tYSBpcyByZWxhdGVkIHRvIHNpemUgJmd0OyAyIGNtLCBzZXNzaWxlIGdyb3d0aCwgYW5kIHZpbGxvdXMgaGlzdG9sb2d5Lg==

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[q] ……… is dysplastic epithelial cells form villi-like projections that extend from the polyp surface down to the stroma.

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R3JlYXRlc3QgcmlzayBmb3IgcHJvZ3Jlc3Npb24gZnJvbSBhZGVub21hIHRvIGNhcmNpbm9tYSBpcyByZWxhdGVkIHRvIHNpemUgJmd0OyAyIGNtLCBzZXNzaWxlIGdyb3d0aCwgYW5kIHZpbGxvdXMgaGlzdG9sb2d5Lg==[Qq]

[q] ……. show a mixture of dysplastic epithelial cells that form villi-like projections that extend from the polyp surface down to the stroma and colonic mucosal cells that form tubular-shaped glands.

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[f]IFR1YnVsby12aWxsb3VzIGFkZW5vbWFzLg==

Cg==

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[q] The initial appearance of small adenomatous polyps is attributed to the mutation of the ….. that regulates cell growth and adhesion. Its mutation leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

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[q] Mutation of the …… protooncogene is thought to Increase in the size of the polyps. This mutation leads to the appearance of a protein that stimulates unregulated cell growth.

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[q] Malignant transformation of adenoma into carcinoma requires mutation of two genes …… and …….?

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[q] …… is caused by a germline mutation (autosomal dominant) to the tumor suppressor gene ……. on chromosome 5. Thousands of adenomatous polyps arise starting after puberty; pancolonic; always involves rectum.

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[f]IEZBUCwgYWRlbm9tYXRvdXMgcG9seXBvc2lzIGNvbGkgKEFQQyku

Cg==

Q29sb24gYW5kIHJlY3R1bSBhcmUgcmVtb3ZlZCBwcm9waHlsYWN0aWNhbGx5OyBvdGhlcndpc2UsIGFsbW9zdCBhbGwgcGF0aWVudHMgZGV2ZWxvcCBjYXJjaW5vbWEgYnkgNDAgeWVhcnMgb2YgYWdlIChUaGUgbGlmZXRpbWUgcmlzayB0aGF0ICZndDsxIG9mIHRoZXNlIHBvbHlwcyB3aWxsIHRyYW5zZm9ybSB0byBpbnZhc2l2ZSBjb2xvbiBjYW5jZXIgaXMgbmVhcmx5IDEwMCUpLg==[Qq]

[q] ……… is FAP + retroperitoneal fibromatosis + osteomas.

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[f]IEdhcmRuZXIgc3luZHJvbWUu

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Rmlicm9tYXRvc2lzIGlzIGEgbmVvcGxhc3RpYyBwcm9saWZlcmF0aW9uIG9mIGZpYnJvYmxhc3RzOyBhcmlzZXMgaW4gcmV0cm9wZXJpdG9uZXVtIChkZXNtb2lkKSBhbmQgbG9jYWxseSBkZXN0cm95cyB0aXNzdWUu

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[Qq]

Osteoma is a benign tumor of bone that usually arises in the skull.

[q] …… is FAP or Lynch syndrome + malignant CNS tumor (medulloblastoma, glioma).

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[f]IFR1cmNvdCBzeW5kcm9tZS4=[Qq]

[q] ……. is Autosomal dominant syndrome featuring numerous hamartomas throughout GI tract, along with hyperpigmented macules (freckle-like spots) on mouth, lips, hands, genitalia.

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[f]IEFzc29jaWF0ZWQgd2l0aCDihpEgcmlzayBvZiBicmVhc3QgYW5kIEdJIGNhbmNlcnMgKGNvbG9yZWN0YWwsIHN0b21hY2gsIHNtYWxsIGJvd2VsLCBwYW5jcmVhdGljKS4=[Qq]

[q] ……… is Autosomal dominant syndrome in children (typically < 5 years old) featuring numerous hamartomatous polyps in the colon, stomach, small bowel.

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[f]IEp1dmVuaWxlIHBvbHlwb3NpcyBzeW5kcm9tZS4=[Qq]

[q] …….. is Autosomal dominant mutation of DNA mismatch repair genes (MSH2, MLH1) with subsequent microsatellite instability.

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[f]IEx5bmNoIHN5bmRyb21lIChoZXJlZGl0YXJ5IG5vbnBvbHlwb3NpcyBjb2xvcmVjdGFsIGNhbmNlciku

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[q] …….. is the 3rd most common site of cancer and 3rd most common cause of cancer-related death.

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[q] (Right or Left sided colon cancer) tend to infiltrate the intestinal wall and encircle the lumen; hence, they present with symptoms of partial intestinal obstruction. Change in the stool caliber, constipation, cramping abdominal pain, abdominal distention, nausea, and vomiting occur?

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[f]IExlZnQtc2lkZWQgY29sb24gY2FuY2VycyAocmVjdG9zaWdtb2lkIGNvbG9uKS4=

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[q] (Right or Left sided colon cancer) usually grow as exophytic masses. Patients generally do not develop intestinal obstruction because the right-sided colon has a larger caliber than the left. Right-sided colon cancers usually present with manifestations of iron deficiency anemia (fatigue and pallor) due to the ongoing blood loss.

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[f]IFJpZ2h0LXNpZGVkIGNvbG9uIGNhbmNlcnMgKGFzY2VuZGluZyBjb2xvbiku

Cg==

UmlnaHQgc2lkZSBibGVlZHM7IGxlZnQgc2lkZSBvYnN0cnVjdHMgKG5hcnJvd2VyIGx1bWVuKS4=[Qq]

[q]….. is a serum tumor marker that is useful for assessing treatment response and detecting recurrence of colon cancer; not useful for screening.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENhcmNpbm9lbWJyeW9uaWMgYW50aWdlbiAoQ0VBKS4=[Qq]

[q] Long-standing ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. …….. and ……… are the most significant risk factors.

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[f]IFRoZSBkdXJhdGlvbiBhbmQgZXh0ZW50IG9mIGNvbGl0aXMu

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