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[h] Microbiology & Antimicrobials Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] …….. is responsible for the toxic properties of LPS that lead to Gram-negative sepsis and endotoxic septic shock.

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[q] …….. can be modified by chemicals or heat to produce a toxoid that still immunogenic, but no longer toxic so can be used as a vaccine.

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[q] Which phase of bacterial growth curve?

– The initial number of bacterial cells remains constant.

– During this period, the cells adapt to their new environment.

– Enzymes and intermediates are formed to permit growth.

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[q] Which phase of bacterial growth curve?

– There is marked increase in cell number and its rate is accelerated exponentially with time giving a characteristic linear plot on a logarithmic scale.

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[q] Which phase of bacterial growth curve?

– Exhaustion of nutrients and accumulation of toxic products cause growth to decrease.

– There is slow loss of cells through death which is just balanced by formation of new cells through growth and division.

– The number of viable bacteria remains constant.

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[q] Which phase of bacterial growth curve?

– The death rate increases and exceeds the multiplication rate due to nutrient exhaustion and accumulation of toxic metabolic end products

– The number of viable bacteria decrease.

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[q] …….. is a mechanism to incorporate short, linear pieces of DNA into the chromosome to stabilize it. There must be some sequence homology. Recombinase A is required. There is a one-to-one exchange of DNA.

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[q] ……… is the mechanism used to combine Circular pieces of DNA nto the chromosome to stabilize it.. It requires no homology. No DNA is lost. It requires restriction endonucleases.

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[q]  …….. are viruses that parasits bacteria (the bacteria cell serves as a host for the virus). It consists of Head containing the nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and Tail consists of a hollow core surrounded by a contractile sheath which ends in a base plate to which tail fibers attaches.

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[q] ……… is the uptake of naked DNA from the environment by competent cells. Captured DNA is incorporated by homologous recombination.

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[q] ……..  is gene transfer from one bacterial cell to another involving direct cell-to-cell contact. Sex pili (genes on F factor) play a role in establishing cell-to-cell contact.

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[q] ……. occurs when an error is made in the life cycle of a virulent phage. During the lytic phage cycle, the bacterial DNA is fragmented, and any fragment of DNA (whether chromosomal or plasmid) may be incorporated into the phage head. The phage particle can then transfer the incorporated bacterial DNA into another bacterial host.

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[q] ……… may occur when an error is made in the life cycle of a temperate (lysogenic) phage. Temperate phages introduce their genomic DNA into the bacterial chromosome at a specific site and then excise it later to complete their life cycle. If errors are made during the excision process, then bacterial chromosomal DNA can be carried along into the next generation of viruses.

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[q] …….. is A “jumping” process involving a transposon (specialized segment of DNA), which can copy and excise itself and then insert into the same DNA molecule or an unrelated DNA (plasmid or chromosome).

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