[qwiz style=”width: auto !important; min-height: auto !important; border-width: 4px !important; border-color: #0099cc !important; ” align=”center”]

[h] Neurology System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] The notochord (mesodermal) induces thickening of the overlying ectoderm through a transcription factor called ……….. to form the neural plate (neuroectoderm).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHNvbmljIGhlZGdlaG9nLg==

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] ……… becomes the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc in adults.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE5vdG9jaG9yZC4=[Qq]

[q] Microglia is the CNS macrophages but are derived from …………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]wqBNZXNvZGVybS4=[Qq]

[q] ………. occurs due to failure of rostral (cranial) neuropore to close. There was a history of polyhydramnios during prenatal screening with elevated alpha-feto protein and acetyl choline esterase during amniocentesis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFuZW5jZXBoYWx5Lg==

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] ………. occurs due to failure of the embryonic forebrain (prosencephalon) to separate into 2 cerebral hemispheres and may be related to mutations in sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. MRI reveals monoventricle and fusion of basal ganglia (star in the figure).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEhvbG9wcm9zZW5jZXBoYWx5Lg==[Qq]

[q] Holoprosencephaly is usually associated with other midline defects. Moderate form has cleft lip/palate; most severe form results in cyclopia. It is an example of a ………….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGRldmVsb3BtZW50YWwgZmllbGQgZGVmZWN0Lg==[Qq]

[q] ………. results from failure of neuronal migration resulting in a “smooth brain” that lacks sulci and gyri. May be associated with microcephaly, ventriculomegaly.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExpc3NlbmNlcGhhbHku

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] ……… is the mildest form of spina bifida that occurs due to failure of neural tube to form vertebral arches without cystic protrusion. Usually missed with prenatal ultrasound with normal serum alpha feto protein.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNwaW5hIGJpZmlkYSBvY2N1bHRhLg==

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] …………. is a cyst like protrusion at the site of the missing spinous processes with elevated serum maternal alpha feto protein. If the cyst contains only CSF lined by dura and arachnoid (Herniation of meninges only), it is called —> …………?. If the cyst contains CSF and displaced spinal cord lined by dura and arachnoid (Herniation of meninges and spinal cord), it is called —-> ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNwaW5hIGJpZmlkYSBjeXN0aWNhLCBtZW5pbmdvY2VsZSwgbWVuaW5nb215ZWxvY2VsZS4=

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] ………. occurs due to failure of caudal neuropore to close that leads to exposed, unfused neural tissue without skin/meningeal covering. There is increase in both AFP and Acetyl choline esterase.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNwaW5hIGJpZmlkYSB3aXRoIG15ZWxvc2NoaXNpcy4=

Jm5ic3A7

[Qq]

[q] Alpha-feto protein isn’t specific for open neural tube defects because alpha-feto protein is elevated in any body wall defect either dorsal body wall defect (open neural tube defects) or ventral body wall defect (omphalocel and gastrschisis). On the other hand, ………… is specific for neural tube defects (elevated with open neural defects only).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGFjZXR5bCBjaG9saW5lIGVzdGVyYXNlLg==[Qq]

[q] ………… occurs due to downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. Usually asymptomatic in childhood, manifests in adulthood with headaches and cerebellar symptoms.  Associated with spinal cavitations (syringomyelia).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFR5cGUgSSBBcm5vbGQgY2hpYXJpIG1hbGZvcm1hdGlvbi4=

[Qq]

[q] ………… occurs due to downward displacement of cerebellar vermis and tonsils (2 structures) through foramen magnum. Associated with noncommunicating hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis, and  lumbosacral meningomyelocele.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFR5cGUgSUkgQXJub2xkIGNoaWFyaSBtYWxmb3JtYXRpb24u[Qq]

[q] ……….. occurs due to agenesis of cerebellar vermis (red arrow) leading to cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle (blue arrow) that fills the enlarged posterior fossa with failure of foramina of Luschka and Magendie to open –> noncommunicating hydrocephalus.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERhbmR5IHdhbGtlciBtYWxmb3JtYXRpb24u[Qq]

[q] Name the following labels:

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]

MS4gVGVsZW5jZXBoYWxvbi4=

Mi4gRGllbmNlcGhhbG9uLg==

3. Metencephalon.

4. Myelencephalon.

[x][restart]

[/qwiz]