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[h] Neurology System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] ……………… is the most common CNS primary malignancy in adults and the worst grade of astrocytoma. Its common location is white matter of cerebral hemisphere which can cross corpus callosum to the other cerebral hemisphere resembling butterfly shape. Its characteristic histopathological features are an area of necrosis surrounded by rows of neoplastic cells “pseudopalisading necrosis”.

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[f]IEdsaW9ibGFzdG9tYSBtdWx0aWZvcm1lIChncmFkZSBJViBhc3Ryb2N5dG9tYSku[Qq]

[q] Most cases of glioblastoma multiforme are associated with oncogenic mutations that increase ……………… expression on the tumor cells, leading to increased transduction of growth signals that promote cellular survival and proliferation.

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[f]IGVwaWRlcm1hbCBncm93dGggZmFjdG9yIHJlY2VwdG9yLg==

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[q] …………. is the second most common primary CNS tumor in adults (Slowly growing, well circumscribed and benign tumors). It arise from cells of the arachnoid cells (external to brain parenchyma) and may have a dural attachment “tail”. Most often occurs in convexities of hemispheres and parasagittal region. Its characteristic histopathological features are psammoma bodies (a core of dense calcification with surrounding collagen-fiber bundles).

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[f]IE1lbmluZ2lvbWFzLg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is a brain tumor of blood vessel origin and associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Usually arise from the cerebellum. Its characteristic histopathological features are closely arranged, thin-walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma.

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[q] …………… is a tumor of the peripheral nervous system that arise from schwann cells (H). It is most common location is the cerebellopontine angle (G) involving CNs V, VII, and VIII, but often localized to CN VIII in internal acoustic meatus —> tinnitus, vertigo, and sensorineural hearing loss. Immunohistochemical staining is positive for S-100.

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[q] Bilateral acoustic neuroma is characteristic for …………………?

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[q] ………………… is a brain tumor that arise from in the white matter of frontal lobe. Its characteristic histopathological features are round nuclei with clear cytoplasm “fried egg cells” with chicken wire capillary pattern.

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[f]IE9saWdvZGVuZHJvZ2xpb21hLg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

HIV positive patient with CD4 count less than 30 presenting with single brain lesion in MRI?

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[q] ………… is the most frequent CNS tumor in immunosuppressed patients, such as those suffering from AIDS. These tumors arise from ………… and are universally associated with ……………?

 

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[q] The most common type of benign pediatric primary brain tumor is …………….?

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[q] The most common malignant pediatric primary brain tumor is ………………..?

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[q] …………….. is the most common primary brain tumor in children that usually arise in posterior fossa (cerebellum). Its characteristic histopathological features are well differentiated neoplasms comprised of spindle cells with hair-like glial processes that are associated with microcysts.

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[f]IFBpbG9jeXRpYyAobG93LWdyYWRlKSBhc3Ryb2N5dG9tYS4=

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[q] …………….. is the second most common brain tumor of childhood and most common malignant brain tumor in childhood. Present with truncal ataxia and noncommunicating hydrocephalus due to compression on cerebellar vermis and 4th ventricle. Its characteristic histopathological features are sheets of small cells with deeply basophilic nuclei and scant cytoplasm with abundant mitosis.

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[q] ……………. is the third most common brain neoplasm in children. Most commonly found in 4th ventricle and can cause hydrocephalus. On microscopic examination, tumor cells are organized around the lumen of the ventricle and small vessels resembling rosettes “Perivascular Rosettes”.

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[q] …………….. is the most common childhood supratentorial tumor. Derived from remnants of Rathke pouch. Histology shows Calcification “tooth enamel like “.

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[q] CNS tumors of (neuronal or neuroglial) origin frequently stain positively for synaptophysin on immunohistology.

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[q] In Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation, the cingulate gyrus herniates under the falx cerebri, potentially compressing ……………….?

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[q] Ipsilateral oculomotor nerve (CN III) compression, ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery compression, contralateral cerebral peduncle compression against the tentorium, are characteristic for ………….. herniation.

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[q] The most important mechanisms of the development of diabetic neuropathy are ………………. and …………….?

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[q] ……………….. is caused by predominantly central nerve ischemia, which affects the central somatic nerve fibers but spares peripheral parasympathetic fibers, So, Symptoms include: ptosis, down and out gaze, but normal sized reactive pupil (normal light and accommodation reflexes).

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[q] ………… is the most common cause of conjunctivitis, often due to ……………; present with red eye and sparse mucous discharge, swollen preauricular node, ↑ lacrimation; usually self-resolving.

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[q] ……………. occurs because the eye is too short for refractive power of cornea and lens —> light focused behind retina. Can be corrected with convex (converging) lenses.

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[q] ……………. occurs because the eye is too long for refractive power of cornea and lens —> light focused infront of retina. Can be corrected with concave (diverging) lenses.

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[q] …………….. occurs because of abnormal curvature of cornea –> different refractive power at different axes. Can be corrected with cylindrical lens.

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[q] ………….. is aging-related impaired accommodation (focusing on near objects), primarily due to ↓ lens elasticity, changes in lens curvature, ↓ strength of the ciliary muscle.

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[q] Patients with mild myopia often note improvement with age, why?

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[f]IFByZXNieW9waWEgY2FuIGNvbXBlbnNhdGUgZm9yIG15b3BpYSBieSBkaXNwbGFjaW5nIHRoZSBpbWFnZSBiYWNrd2FyZCwgc28gdGhhdCBpdCBmb2N1c2VzIG9uIHRoZSByZXRpbmEu

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[q] ……………. is painless, often bilateral, opacification of lens, often resulting in ↓ vision. Can present with loss of red reflex in children.

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[q] ……………. present with cupping (thinning of outer rim of optic nerve head versus normal), usually with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and progressive peripheral visual field loss although normal iridocorneal angel. The most common cause is blocked trabecular meshwork from WBCs (uveitis), RBCs (vitreous hemorrhage), retinal elements (retinal detachment).

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[q] ……………….. present with very painful, red eye [D], sudden vision loss, halos around lights, rock-hard eye, frontal headache following pupillary dilation, which may occur in darkened movie theaters, during times of stress, or due to drug intake.

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[q] Antimuscarinic drugs and alpha agonists are contraindicated in (closed or open) angle glaucoma.

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[q] ……………… ↓ aqueous humor synthesis by ciliary epithelium with no pupillary or vision changes.

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[q] ……………….. ↓ aqueous humor synthesis via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase with no pupillary or vision changes.

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[q] ……………… ↑ outflow of aqueous humor via contraction of ciliary muscle and opening of trabecular meshwork and cause miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle) as side effects.

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[q] ………………. ↑ outflow of aqueous humor via ↓ resistance of flow through uveoscleral pathway and cause darkening of the color of iris (browning).

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[f]wqBQcm9zdGFnbGFuZGluIChMYXRhbm9wcm9zdCwgUEdGMiku

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