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[h] Respiratory System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 2 Hours.

[q] ………… is an abnormal opening that occurs between the trachea and esophagus as a result of an abnormal development of the tracheoesophageal septum.

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[q] In ………. stage of lung development, trachea, mainstem bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi develop. Errors at this stage can lead to tracheoesophageal fistula.

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[q] In ………. stage of lung development, terminal bronchioles develop and  surrounded by modest capillary network. Respiration impossible, incompatible with life.

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[q] In ………. stage of lung development, respiratory bronchioles
and alveolar ducts. Surrounded by prominent capillary network. Airways increase in diameter. Pneumocytes develop starting at week 20 of development. Respiration capable at ~ week 25.

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[q] In ………. stage of lung development, terminal sacs develop. Terminal sacs separated by 1° septae.

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[q] In ………. stage of lung development, adult alveoli develop (due to 2° septation).

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[q] ………… consist of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Warms, humidifies, and filters air but does not participate in gas exchange.

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[q] ……… consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Participates in gas exchange.

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[q] Cilia (prevents bronchiolar mucus accumulation and airflow obstruction) terminate in ………. (Cilia is the last to disappear as the epithelium changes along the respiratory tube).

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[q] Small particles (less than 2 micro) that manage to reach the alveoli either remain suspended in the air and are exhaled or are trapped in the alveolar surfactant and cleared by ……….?

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[q] The …….. lung is divided into three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) that are separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures. But the ……. lung is divided into two lobes separated by the oblique fissure.

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[q] Stabbing wound in the third intercostal space 2 inches on the left of the sternum most likely to injure (upper or lower) lobe of the left lung?

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[q] The ……… main bronchus is more prone to aspiration because it has a larger diameter, is shorter and is more vertically oriented than the left main bronchus

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[q] Patients who aspirate while lying supine typically have involvement of ……….. and ………?

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[q] Patients who are upright (or semi-recumbent) tend to aspirate into ………..?

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[q] On the right side, the bronchomediastinal trunk drains into ………. But on the left side, the bronchomediastinal trunk drains into the ………?

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[q] …….. line 97% of alveolar surfaces. Squamous; thin for optimal gas diffusion.

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[q] ………. secrete pulmonary surfactant and serve as precursors to type I cells and other type II cells.

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[q] By 35 weeks gestation, the L/S ratio averages ……… indicating lung maturity.

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[q] ……….. are administered to pregnant mothers who are at risk of having a premature delivery with fetal lung immaturity. It help to accelerate fetal lung maturation by stimulating surfactant production and can be assessed through various biochemical tests during amniocentesis.

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[q] ………. is poorly developed bronchial tree with abnormal histology usually involving right lung. Associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, bilateral renal agenesis (Potter sequence syndrome).

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[q] …….. is caused by abnormal budding of the foregut and dilation of terminal or large bronchi. It appears as Discrete, round, sharply defined and air-filled densities on CXR. Drain poorly and cause chronic infections.

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