[qwiz style=”width: auto !important; min-height: auto !important; border-width: 4px !important; border-color: #0099cc !important; ” align=”center”]

[h] Cardiovascular System Flashcards

[i] Master this session in just 5 minutes.

[q] Ingestion of fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and phentermine (appetite suppressants) for more than three months’ duration has been associated with the development of ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBwdWxtb25hcnkgaHlwZXJ0ZW5zaW9uLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is thought to be due to an inherited (autosomal dominant with variable penetrance) inactivating mutation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) as the first insult, which predisposes patients to pulmonary vascular disease.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByaW1hcnkgcHVsbW9uYXJ5IGh5cGVydGVuc2lvbi4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

35 years old obese male presenting with multiple episodes of cessation of breathing during sleep with excessive daytime sleeping, loud snoring and normal ABG?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE9ic3RydWN0aXZlIHNsZWVwIGFwbmVhLg==[Qq]

[q] Anatomical causes of Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by ………… in adults, …………. in children.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGV4Y2VzcyBwYXJhcGhhcnluZ2VhbCB0aXNzdWUsIGFkZW5vdG9uc2lsbGFyIGh5cGVydHJvcGh5Lg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

35 years old obese male presenting with multiple episodes of cessation of breathing during sleep with excessive daytime sleeping, loud snoring and ABG shows respiratory acidosis?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE9iZXNpdHkgaHlwb3ZlbnRpbGF0aW9uIHN5bmRyb21lLg==[Qq]

[q] Most common cause of cancer mortality in the US is ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEx1bmcgY2FuY2VyLg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is the most common benign lung tumor contain disorganized islands of mature hyaline cartilage, fat, smooth muscle and clefts lined by respiratory epithelium.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]wqBCcm9uY2hpYWwgaGFtYXJ0b21hLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of lung cancer arises from neuroendocrine (Kulchitsky) cells and stain for neuroendocrine markers, such as neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, also known as CD56), neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and synaptophysin.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNtYWxsIGNlbGwgbHVuZyBjYXJjaW5vbWEu[Qq]

[q] …………… frequently synthesize hormones or hormone-like substances:
– ACTH leading to Cushing syndrome.

– ADH leading to syndrome of inappropnate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

– Antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels (Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome) or neurons (paraneoplastic myelitis, encephalitis, subacute cerebellar degeneration).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNtYWxsIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hcy4=[Qq]

[q] Small cell lung carcinoma is strongly associated with Smoking and is usually (centrally or peripherally) located.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENlbnRlcmFsbHku[Qq]

[q] ………. is the most common primary lung cancer overall, occurring most frequently in women and nonsmokers.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]

[q] …………… arises from the alveolar epithelium and is characterized by invasive cells with abundant cytoplasm and eccentrically placed nuclei that form irregular glandular elements; mucin production is common. often stains mucin ⊕.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. arises from the alveolar epithelium and is located at the periphery of the lung. It is considered a preinvasive lesion characterized by growth along Intact alveolar septa without vascular or stromal invasion. The tumor has a tendency to undergo aerogenous spread (along the airways) and can progress to invasive disease if not resected.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hIGluIHNpdHUgKGJyb25jaGlvbG9hbHZlb2xhciBjYXJjaW5vbWEpLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………. cause hilar mass that is centrally located. Microscopic examination reveals Keratin pearls and intercellular bridges.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNxdWFtb3VzIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. highly anaplastic undifferentiated tumor (no keratin pearls, or intercellular bridges, or glands, or mucin). Microscopic examination reveals Pleomorphic giant cells. Can secrete β-hCG —> Gynecomastia and galactorrhea.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExhcmdlIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]

[q] This chest XRAY in a patient with centrally located lung cancer is due to ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG9ic3RydWN0aXZlIGxlc2lvbiBpbiBhIG1haW5zdGVtIGJyb25jaHVzIGR1ZSB0byBjZW50cmFsIGx1bmcgdHVtb3JzIGNhbiBwcmV2ZW50IHZlbnRpbGF0aW9uIG9mIGFuIGVudGlyZSBsdW5nLCBsZWFkaW5nIHRvIG9ic3RydWN0aXZlIGF0ZWxlY3Rhc2lzIGFuZCBjb21wbGV0ZSBsdW5nIGNvbGxhcHNlLiBDaGFyYWN0ZXJpc3RpYyBmaW5kaW5ncyBvbiBjaGVzdCB4LXJheSBpbmNsdWRlIHVuaWxhdGVyYWwgcHVsbW9uYXJ5IG9wYWNpZmljYXRpb24gYW5kIGRldmlhdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgbWVkaWFzdGludW0gdG93YXJkIHRoZSBvcGFjaWZpZWQgbHVuZy4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old heavy smoker patient presenting with Cough, hemoptysis, wheezing, unexplained weight loss presenting with severe pain in the shoulder region that radiates toward the axilla and scapula, ipsilateral ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis, hoarseness and edema of the upper extremity?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBhbmNvYXN0IHN5bmRyb21lIChzdXBlcmlvciBzdWxjdXMgdHVtb3IpLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……………. causes symptoms similar to those seen in SVC syndrome, but only on one side of the body.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJyYWNoaW9jZXBoYWxpYyB2ZWluIG9ic3RydWN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old tall, thin, young male unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, hyperresonance, diminished breath sounds, all on the affected side someone without pre-existing pulmonary disease. CXR is shown below.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByaW1hcnkgc3BvbnRhbmVvdXMgcG5ldW1vdGhvcmF4Lg==[Qq]

[q] …………….. is the most common cause of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJ1cHR1cmUgb2YgYXBpY2FsIHN1YnBsZXVyYWwgYmxlYnMu[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old tall, thin, young male unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, hyperresonance, absent breath sounds, all on the affected side after penetrating wound injury. The patient is hypotensive with reflex tachycardia. CXR is shown below.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRlbnNpb24gcG5ldW1vdGhvcmF4Lg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old male with unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, dullness with percussion, diminished breath sounds, all on the affected side. Thrococentesis was done and showed high fluid-to-serum ratio of total protein (>0.5) and lactate dehydrogenase (>0.6) . CXR is shown below.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4dWRhdGl2ZSBwbGV1cmFsIGVmZnVzaW9uLg==[Qq]

[q] Exudative pleural effusion develop due to ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGluZmxhbW1hdGlvbiBhbmQgY29uc2VxdWVudCBpbmNyZWFzZWQgdmFzY3VsYXIgbWVtYnJhbmUgcGVybWVhYmlsaXR5IChtYWxpZ25hbmN5LCBwbmV1bW9uaWEsIGNvbGxhZ2VuIHZhc2N1bGFyIGRpc2Vhc2UsIHRyYXVtYSku

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. are drugs that can be used in treatment of Allergy, motion sickness, sleep aid and cause Sedation (additive with other CNS depressants), antimuscarinic, anti-α-adrenergic as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZpcnN0IGdlbmVyYXRpb24gZHJ1Z3MgKERpcGhlbmh5ZHJhbWluZSwgZGltZW5oeWRyaW5hdGUsIGNobG9ycGhlbmlyYW1pbmUuIE5hbWVzIGNvbnRhaW4g4oCcLWVuLy1pbmXigJ0gb3Ig4oCcLWVuLy1hdGUpLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. are drugs that can be used in treatment of Allergy and cause far less sedating than 1st generation because of ↓ entry into CNS.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlY29uZCBnZW5lcmF0aW9uIGRydWdzIChMb3JhdGFkaW5lLCBmZXhvZmVuYWRpbmUsIGRlc2xvcmF0YWRpbmUsIGNldGlyaXppbmUsIG1lY2xpemluZS4gVXN1YWxseSBlbmQgaW4g4oCcLWFkaW5l4oCdKS4=[Qq]

[q] ………  is a mucolytic agent that loosens the thick sputum by cleaving disulfide bonds within mucus glycoproteins. Also used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE4tYWNldHlsY3lzdGVpbmUu[Qq]

[q] ………….. is synthetic codeine analog antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors and is used as antitussive drug. It has mild opioid effect when used in excess.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERleHRyb21ldGhvcnBoYW4u[Qq]

[q] …………. is α-adrenergic agonists, used as nasal decongestants by reducing hyperemia, edema, nasal congestion; open obstructed eustachian tubes and can cause Hypertension and CNS stimulation/anxiety side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBzZXVkb2VwaGVkcmluZSwgcGhlbnlsZXBocmluZS4=[Qq]

[q] …………. competitively antagonizes ENdothelin-1 receptors —->  ↓ pulmonary vascular resistance. Associated with vasodilatory side effects (headache, flushing, hypotension) and Hepatotoxicity (monitor LFTs) and contraindicated in pregnancy.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJvc2VudGFuLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. inhibits cGMP PDE-5 and prolongs vasodilatory effect of nitric oxide. It can be used in treatment of pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction. Contraindicated when taking nitroglycerin or other nitrates (due to risk of severe hypotension).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNpbGRlbmFmaWwu[Qq]

[q] ………… has direct vasodilatory effects on pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds and can be used for treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Can cause flushing, jaw pain as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb3N0YWN5Y2xpbiAoRXBvcHJvc3Rlbm9sLCBpbG9wcm9zdCk=[Qq]

[q] ………… relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by acting as short acting β2-agonist. Used during acute exacerbation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFsYnV0ZXJvbC4=[Qq]

[q] …………… is long-acting β2-agonist and are used for Asthma prophylaxis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNhbG1ldGVyb2wsIGZvcm1vdGVyb2wu[Qq]

[q] …………. inhibit the formation of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes) implicated in bronchial asthma, also reduce leukocyte extravasation, induce apoptosis of inflammatory cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils) and are used for both chronic asthma management and during acute exacerbations.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNvcnRpY29zdGVyb2lkcyAoRmx1dGljYXNvbmUsIGJ1ZGVzb25pZGUpLg==[Qq]

[q] The most common side effect of inhaled glucocorticoids is …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG9yb3BoYXJ5bmdlYWwgY2FuZGlkaWFzaXMgYW5kIER5c3Bob25pYS4=

Cg==

Cg==

JiM4MjExOyBCeSB1c2luZyBhIHNwYWNlciBhbmQgcmluc2luZyBvbmUmIzgyMTc7cyBtb3V0aCBhZnRlciBnbHVjb2NvcnRpY29pZCBpbmhhbGF0aW9uLCBwYXRpZW50cyBjYW4gYXZvaWQgdGhpcyBjb21wbGljYXRpb24u[Qq]

[q] ………….. competitively blocks muscarinic receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction. Can be used for treatment of asthma and COPD.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElwcmF0cm9waXVtIGFuZCBUaW90cm9waXVtLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. block leukotriene receptors and especially good for aspirin-induced asthma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1vbnRlbHVrYXN0LCB6YWZpcmx1a2FzdC4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is a 5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor which blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFppbGV1dG9uLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. binds mostly unbound serum IgE and blocks binding to FcεRI. Used in allergic asthma with ↑ IgE levels resistant to inhaled steroids and long-acting β2-agonists.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE9tYWxpenVtYWIu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………. cause bronchial dilatation by decreasing phosphodiesterase enzyme activity —-> increasing intracellular cAMP, and also by antagonism of adenosine (a bronchoconstrictor).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1ldGh5bHhhbnRoaW5lcyBsaWtlIHRoZW9waHlsbGluZSBhbmQgYW1pbm9waHlsbGluZS4=[Qq]

[q] …………. and ……….. are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in theophylline intoxication.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlaXp1cmVzIGFuZCBUYWNoeWFycmh5dGhtaWFzLg==[Qq]

[q] …………. are mast cell stabilizing agents. They inhibit mast cell degranulation independent of stimuli present.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENyb21vbHluIGFuZCBuZWRvY3JvbWlsLg==[Qq]

[q] ………… prevents eosinophil differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival mediated by IL-5 stimulation. For maintenance therapy in severe eosinophilic asthma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]

Cg==

JiM4MjExOyBNZXBvbGl6dW1hYiwgcmVzbGl6dW1hYjogYWdhaW5zdCBJTC01Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]

– Benralizumab: against IL-5 receptor α.

[q] Most common cause of cancer mortality in the US is ………..?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEx1bmcgY2FuY2VyLg==[Qq]

[q] …………. is the most common benign lung tumor contain disorganized islands of mature hyaline cartilage, fat, smooth muscle and clefts lined by respiratory epithelium.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]wqBCcm9uY2hpYWwgaGFtYXJ0b21hLg==[Qq]

[q] ………. is a type of lung cancer arises from neuroendocrine (Kulchitsky) cells and stain for neuroendocrine markers, such as neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, also known as CD56), neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and synaptophysin.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNtYWxsIGNlbGwgbHVuZyBjYXJjaW5vbWEu[Qq]

[q] …………… frequently synthesize hormones or hormone-like substances:
– ACTH leading to Cushing syndrome.

– ADH leading to syndrome of inappropnate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

– Antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels (Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome) or neurons (paraneoplastic myelitis, encephalitis, subacute cerebellar degeneration).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNtYWxsIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hcy4=[Qq]

[q] Small cell lung carcinoma is strongly associated with Smoking and is usually (centrally or peripherally) located.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENlbnRlcmFsbHku[Qq]

[q] ………. is the most common primary lung cancer overall, occurring most frequently in women and nonsmokers.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]

[q] …………… arises from the alveolar epithelium and is characterized by invasive cells with abundant cytoplasm and eccentrically placed nuclei that form irregular glandular elements; mucin production is common. often stains mucin ⊕.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………….. arises from the alveolar epithelium and is located at the periphery of the lung. It is considered a preinvasive lesion characterized by growth along Intact alveolar septa without vascular or stromal invasion. The tumor has a tendency to undergo aerogenous spread (along the airways) and can progress to invasive disease if not resected.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hIGluIHNpdHUgKGJyb25jaGlvbG9hbHZlb2xhciBjYXJjaW5vbWEpLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………. cause hilar mass that is centrally located. Microscopic examination reveals Keratin pearls and intercellular bridges.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNxdWFtb3VzIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. highly anaplastic undifferentiated tumor (no keratin pearls, or intercellular bridges, or glands, or mucin). Microscopic examination reveals Pleomorphic giant cells. Can secrete β-hCG —> Gynecomastia and galactorrhea.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IExhcmdlIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]

[q] This chest XRAY in a patient with centrally located lung cancer is due to ……….?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG9ic3RydWN0aXZlIGxlc2lvbiBpbiBhIG1haW5zdGVtIGJyb25jaHVzIGR1ZSB0byBjZW50cmFsIGx1bmcgdHVtb3JzIGNhbiBwcmV2ZW50IHZlbnRpbGF0aW9uIG9mIGFuIGVudGlyZSBsdW5nLCBsZWFkaW5nIHRvIG9ic3RydWN0aXZlIGF0ZWxlY3Rhc2lzIGFuZCBjb21wbGV0ZSBsdW5nIGNvbGxhcHNlLiBDaGFyYWN0ZXJpc3RpYyBmaW5kaW5ncyBvbiBjaGVzdCB4LXJheSBpbmNsdWRlIHVuaWxhdGVyYWwgcHVsbW9uYXJ5IG9wYWNpZmljYXRpb24gYW5kIGRldmlhdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgbWVkaWFzdGludW0gdG93YXJkIHRoZSBvcGFjaWZpZWQgbHVuZy4=[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

60 years old heavy smoker patient presenting with Cough, hemoptysis, wheezing, unexplained weight loss presenting with severe pain in the shoulder region that radiates toward the axilla and scapula, ipsilateral ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis, hoarseness and edema of the upper extremity?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBhbmNvYXN0IHN5bmRyb21lIChzdXBlcmlvciBzdWxjdXMgdHVtb3IpLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……………. causes symptoms similar to those seen in SVC syndrome, but only on one side of the body.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJyYWNoaW9jZXBoYWxpYyB2ZWluIG9ic3RydWN0aW9uLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old tall, thin, young male unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, hyperresonance, diminished breath sounds, all on the affected side someone without pre-existing pulmonary disease. CXR is shown below.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByaW1hcnkgc3BvbnRhbmVvdXMgcG5ldW1vdGhvcmF4Lg==[Qq]

[q] …………….. is the most common cause of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFJ1cHR1cmUgb2YgYXBpY2FsIHN1YnBsZXVyYWwgYmxlYnMu[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old tall, thin, young male unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, hyperresonance, absent breath sounds, all on the affected side after penetrating wound injury. The patient is hypotensive with reflex tachycardia. CXR is shown below.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFRlbnNpb24gcG5ldW1vdGhvcmF4Lg==[Qq]

[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?

27 years old male with unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, dullness with percussion, diminished breath sounds, all on the affected side. Thrococentesis was done and showed high fluid-to-serum ratio of total protein (>0.5) and lactate dehydrogenase (>0.6) . CXR is shown below.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEV4dWRhdGl2ZSBwbGV1cmFsIGVmZnVzaW9uLg==[Qq]

[q] Exudative pleural effusion develop due to ……………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGluZmxhbW1hdGlvbiBhbmQgY29uc2VxdWVudCBpbmNyZWFzZWQgdmFzY3VsYXIgbWVtYnJhbmUgcGVybWVhYmlsaXR5IChtYWxpZ25hbmN5LCBwbmV1bW9uaWEsIGNvbGxhZ2VuIHZhc2N1bGFyIGRpc2Vhc2UsIHRyYXVtYSku

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. are drugs that can be used in treatment of Allergy, motion sickness, sleep aid and cause Sedation (additive with other CNS depressants), antimuscarinic, anti-α-adrenergic as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEZpcnN0IGdlbmVyYXRpb24gZHJ1Z3MgKERpcGhlbmh5ZHJhbWluZSwgZGltZW5oeWRyaW5hdGUsIGNobG9ycGhlbmlyYW1pbmUuIE5hbWVzIGNvbnRhaW4g4oCcLWVuLy1pbmXigJ0gb3Ig4oCcLWVuLy1hdGUpLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. are drugs that can be used in treatment of Allergy and cause far less sedating than 1st generation because of ↓ entry into CNS.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlY29uZCBnZW5lcmF0aW9uIGRydWdzIChMb3JhdGFkaW5lLCBmZXhvZmVuYWRpbmUsIGRlc2xvcmF0YWRpbmUsIGNldGlyaXppbmUsIG1lY2xpemluZS4gVXN1YWxseSBlbmQgaW4g4oCcLWFkaW5l4oCdKS4=[Qq]

[q] ………  is a mucolytic agent that loosens the thick sputum by cleaving disulfide bonds within mucus glycoproteins. Also used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE4tYWNldHlsY3lzdGVpbmUu[Qq]

[q] ………….. is synthetic codeine analog antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors and is used as antitussive drug. It has mild opioid effect when used in excess.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IERleHRyb21ldGhvcnBoYW4u[Qq]

[q] …………. is α-adrenergic agonists, used as nasal decongestants by reducing hyperemia, edema, nasal congestion; open obstructed eustachian tubes and can cause Hypertension and CNS stimulation/anxiety side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFBzZXVkb2VwaGVkcmluZSwgcGhlbnlsZXBocmluZS4=[Qq]

[q] …………. competitively antagonizes ENdothelin-1 receptors —->  ↓ pulmonary vascular resistance. Associated with vasodilatory side effects (headache, flushing, hypotension) and Hepatotoxicity (monitor LFTs) and contraindicated in pregnancy.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEJvc2VudGFuLg==[Qq]

[q] ……….. inhibits cGMP PDE-5 and prolongs vasodilatory effect of nitric oxide. It can be used in treatment of pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction. Contraindicated when taking nitroglycerin or other nitrates (due to risk of severe hypotension).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNpbGRlbmFmaWwu[Qq]

[q] ………… has direct vasodilatory effects on pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds and can be used for treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Can cause flushing, jaw pain as side effects.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFByb3N0YWN5Y2xpbiAoRXBvcHJvc3Rlbm9sLCBpbG9wcm9zdCk=[Qq]

[q] ………… relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by acting as short acting β2-agonist. Used during acute exacerbation.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IEFsYnV0ZXJvbC4=[Qq]

[q] …………… is long-acting β2-agonist and are used for Asthma prophylaxis.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNhbG1ldGVyb2wsIGZvcm1vdGVyb2wu[Qq]

[q] …………. inhibit the formation of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes) implicated in bronchial asthma, also reduce leukocyte extravasation, induce apoptosis of inflammatory cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils) and are used for both chronic asthma management and during acute exacerbations.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IGNvcnRpY29zdGVyb2lkcyAoRmx1dGljYXNvbmUsIGJ1ZGVzb25pZGUpLg==[Qq]

[q] The most common side effect of inhaled glucocorticoids is …………?

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IG9yb3BoYXJ5bmdlYWwgY2FuZGlkaWFzaXMgYW5kIER5c3Bob25pYS4=

Cg==

Cg==

JiM4MjExOyBCeSB1c2luZyBhIHNwYWNlciBhbmQgcmluc2luZyBvbmUmIzgyMTc7cyBtb3V0aCBhZnRlciBnbHVjb2NvcnRpY29pZCBpbmhhbGF0aW9uLCBwYXRpZW50cyBjYW4gYXZvaWQgdGhpcyBjb21wbGljYXRpb24u[Qq]

[q] ………….. competitively blocks muscarinic receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction. Can be used for treatment of asthma and COPD.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IElwcmF0cm9waXVtIGFuZCBUaW90cm9waXVtLg==[Qq]

[q] …….. block leukotriene receptors and especially good for aspirin-induced asthma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1vbnRlbHVrYXN0LCB6YWZpcmx1a2FzdC4=

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………… is a 5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor which blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFppbGV1dG9uLg==

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] …………. binds mostly unbound serum IgE and blocks binding to FcεRI. Used in allergic asthma with ↑ IgE levels resistant to inhaled steroids and long-acting β2-agonists.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE9tYWxpenVtYWIu

Cg==

Cg==[Qq]

[q] ………. cause bronchial dilatation by decreasing phosphodiesterase enzyme activity —-> increasing intracellular cAMP, and also by antagonism of adenosine (a bronchoconstrictor).

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IE1ldGh5bHhhbnRoaW5lcyBsaWtlIHRoZW9waHlsbGluZSBhbmQgYW1pbm9waHlsbGluZS4=[Qq]

[q] …………. and ……….. are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in theophylline intoxication.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IFNlaXp1cmVzIGFuZCBUYWNoeWFycmh5dGhtaWFzLg==[Qq]

[q] …………. are mast cell stabilizing agents. They inhibit mast cell degranulation independent of stimuli present.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]IENyb21vbHluIGFuZCBuZWRvY3JvbWlsLg==[Qq]

[q] ………… prevents eosinophil differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival mediated by IL-5 stimulation. For maintenance therapy in severe eosinophilic asthma.

[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]

[f]

Cg==

JiM4MjExOyBNZXBvbGl6dW1hYiwgcmVzbGl6dW1hYjogYWdhaW5zdCBJTC01Lg==

Cg==

[Qq]

– Benralizumab: against IL-5 receptor α.

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[/qwiz]