[qwiz style=”width: auto !important; min-height: auto !important; border-width: 4px !important; border-color: #0099cc !important; ” align=”center”]
[h] Respiratory System Flashcards
[i] Master this session in just 2 Hours.
[q] ………… is an abnormal opening that occurs between the trachea and esophagus as a result of an abnormal development of the tracheoesophageal septum.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRyYWNoZW9lc29waGFnZWFsIGZpc3R1bGEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In ………. stage of lung development, trachea, mainstem bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi develop. Errors at this stage can lead to tracheoesophageal fistula.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEVtYnJ5b25pYyAod2Vla3MgNC0gNyku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In ………. stage of lung development, terminal bronchioles develop and surrounded by modest capillary network. Respiration impossible, incompatible with life.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBzZXVkb2dsYW5kdWxhciAod2Vla3MgNeKAkzE3KS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In ………. stage of lung development, respiratory bronchioles
and alveolar ducts. Surrounded by prominent capillary network. Airways increase in diameter. Pneumocytes develop starting at week 20 of development. Respiration capable at ~ week 25.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENhbmFsaWN1bGFyICh3ZWVrcyAxNuKAkzI1KQ==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In ………. stage of lung development, terminal sacs develop. Terminal sacs separated by 1° septae.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNhY2N1bGFyICh3ZWVrIDI04oCTYmlydGgpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In ………. stage of lung development, adult alveoli develop (due to 2° septation).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFsdmVvbGFyICh3ZWVrIDM24oCTOCB5ZWFycyku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… consist of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and terminal bronchioles. Warms, humidifies, and filters air but does not participate in gas exchange.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvbmR1Y3Rpbmcgem9uZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……… consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Participates in gas exchange.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IHpvbmUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Cilia (prevents bronchiolar mucus accumulation and airflow obstruction) terminate in ………. (Cilia is the last to disappear as the epithelium changes along the respiratory tube).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IGJyb25jaGlvbGVzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Small particles (less than 2 micro) that manage to reach the alveoli either remain suspended in the air and are exhaled or are trapped in the alveolar surfactant and cleared by ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGFsdmVvbGFyIG1hY3JvcGhhZ2VzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The …….. lung is divided into three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior) that are separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures. But the ……. lung is divided into two lobes separated by the oblique fissure.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHJpZ2h0LCBsZWZ0Lg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Stabbing wound in the third intercostal space 2 inches on the left of the sternum most likely to injure (upper or lower) lobe of the left lung?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHVwcGVyLg==[Qq]
[q] The ……… main bronchus is more prone to aspiration because it has a larger diameter, is shorter and is more vertically oriented than the left main bronchus
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHJpZ2h0Lg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Patients who aspirate while lying supine typically have involvement of ……….. and ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBwb3N0ZXJpb3Igc2VnbWVudHMgb2YgdGhlIHVwcGVyIGxvYmVzIGFuZCB0aGUgc3VwZXJpb3Igc2VnbWVudHMgb2YgdGhlIGxvd2VyIGxvYmVzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Patients who are upright (or semi-recumbent) tend to aspirate into ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBiYXNpbGFyIHNlZ21lbnRzIG9mIHRoZSBsb3dlciBsb2Jlcy4=[Qq]
[q] On the right side, the bronchomediastinal trunk drains into ………. But on the left side, the bronchomediastinal trunk drains into the ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSByaWdodCBseW1waGF0aWMgZHVjdCwgdGhvcmFjaWMgZHVjdC4=
Cg==IA==
[Qq][q] …….. line 97% of alveolar surfaces. Squamous; thin for optimal gas diffusion.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFR5cGUgSSBQbmV1bW9jeXRlcy4=[Qq]
[q] ………. secrete pulmonary surfactant and serve as precursors to type I cells and other type II cells.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFR5cGUgSUkgUG5ldW1vY3l0ZXMu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] By 35 weeks gestation, the L/S ratio averages ……… indicating lung maturity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IDI6IDEgb3IgaGlnaGVyLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……….. are administered to pregnant mothers who are at risk of having a premature delivery with fetal lung immaturity. It help to accelerate fetal lung maturation by stimulating surfactant production and can be assessed through various biochemical tests during amniocentesis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvcnRpY29zdGVyb2lkcy4=[Qq]
[q] ………. is poorly developed bronchial tree with abnormal histology usually involving right lung. Associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, bilateral renal agenesis (Potter sequence syndrome).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFB1bG1vbmFyeSBoeXBvcGxhc2lhLg==[Qq]
[q] …….. is caused by abnormal budding of the foregut and dilation of terminal or large bronchi. It appears as Discrete, round, sharply defined and air-filled densities on CXR. Drain poorly and cause chronic infections.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJyb25jaG9nZW5pYyBjeXN0cy4=[Qq]
[q] Stab wounds immediately above the clavicle and first rib and lateral to the manubrium can puncture …….. and cause pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, or hemothorax.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBjZXJ2aWNhbCBwbGV1cmEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The …….. pleura is innervated by somatic sensory (sensory afferent) nerves, which allow the sensation of sharp and localized pain.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBhcmlldGFsIChQYXJpZXRhbCBpcyBzZW5zaXRpdmUgdG8gcGFpbiku[Qq]
[q] The phrenic nerve, which is derived from the ……. nerve roots, delivers motor innervation to the diaphragm and additionally carries pain fibers from the ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEMzLUM1LiBkaWFwaHJhZ21hdGljIGFuZCBtZWRpYXN0aW5hbCBwbGV1cmEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Removal of excess pleural fluid is usually made by inserting a needle into the costodiaphragmatic recess through the eighth or ninth intercostal space at the ………. This avoids penetration of the liver and lung.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG1pZGF4aWxsYXJ5IGxpbmUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq]
[q] The chest tube traverses through skin, subcutaneous fat, ……….., intercostal (external, internal, innermost) muscles, and parietal pleura to reach the pleural cavity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBzZXJyYXR1cyBhbnRlcmlvciBtdXNjbGUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Cricothyrotomy is indicated when an emergency airway is required and orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation is either unsuccessful or contraindicated. It traverses through skin, Superficial cervical fascia, deep cervical fascia, and …….. in the same order.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENyaWNvdGh5cm9pZCBtZW1icmFuZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……… is the volume of air inspired/expired at rest (500mL is a good average).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRpZGFsIFZvbHVtZSAoVlQpLg==
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]
[q] ……… is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlc2lkdWFsIFZvbHVtZSAoUlYpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …….. is the maximum volume of air that can be inspired above resting tidal volume.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEluc3BpcmF0b3J5IFJlc2VydmUgVm9sdW1lIChJUlYpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……… is the maximum volume of air that can be expired after a resting expiration.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4cGlyYXRvcnkgUmVzZXJ2ZSBWb2x1bWUgKEVSViku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……… is the amount of air in the lung system at the end of an expiration at rest. It is also considered the neutral, or equilibrium state, of the respiratory system.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZ1bmN0aW9uYWwgUmVzaWR1YWwgQ2FwYWNpdHkgKEZSQyku
Cg==Jm5ic3A7
Cg==[Qq]FRC = ERV + RV
[q] ……… is the maximal inspiration from FRC.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEluc3BpcmF0b3J5IENhcGFjaXR5IChJQyku
Cg==SUMgPSBWVA==[Qq] + IRV
[q] ………. is the maximum amount of air expired following a maximal inspiration. If done forcefully, Forced Vital capacity.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFZpdGFsIENhcGFjaXR5IChWQyku
Cg==VkMgPSBFUlYgKyBWVA==[Qq] + IRV
[q] ………. is the volume of air in the lung system after a maximal inspiration.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRvdGFsIEx1bmcgQ2FwYWNpdHkgKFRMQyk=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] This PFT is consistent with ……….. lung disease?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9ic3RydWN0aXZlLg==[Qq]
[q] This PFT is consistent with ……….. lung disease?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlc3RyaWN0aXZlLg==[Qq]
[q] This PFT is consistent with ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFnaW5nLg==
Cg==74KnIFBhdGllbnRzIGFnZSAmZ3Q7MzUgZXhwZXJpZW5jZSBzdGVhZHkgZGVjcmVhc2VzIGluIGNoZXN0IHdhbGwgY29tcGxpYW5jZSBhcyBhIHJlc3VsdCBvZiBzdGlmZmVuaW5nIGZyb20gcmliIGNhbGNpZmljYXRpb24uIEluIGNvbnRyYXN0LCBsdW5nIGNvbXBsaWFuY2UgaW5jcmVhc2VzIHdpdGggYWdlIGR1ZSB0byBhIGxvc3Mgb2YgZWxhc3RpYyByZWNvaWwsIHBhcnRpY3VsYXJseSBpbiB0aGUgYWx2ZW9sYXIgZHVjdHMu
Cg==[Qq] Diminished elastic recoil and the collapse of supporting tissues around the airways cause a significant increase in residual volume (RV). However, total lung capacity (TLC) remains unchanged because the decreased chest wall compliance counterbalances increases in lung compliance.
In addition, as RV becomes a much higher proportion of TLC (due to air trapping), forced vital capacity also decreases.
[q] Name the following labels:
1. ………………
2. ……………..
3. ……………..
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==Cg==[Qq]
In obstructive disease, the flow-volume loop begins and ends at abnormally high lung volumes, and the expiratory flow is lower than normal. In addition, the downslope of expiration “scallops” or “bows” inward. This scalloping indicates that at any given lung volume, flow is less. Thus, airway resistance is elevated (obstructive).
In restrictive disease, the flow-volume loop begins and ends at unusually low lung volumes. Peak flow is less, because overall volume is less. However, when expiratory flow is compared at specific lung volumes, the flow in restrictive disease is somewhat greater than normal.
[q] Although resistance within the trachea and mainstem bronchi is relatively high, it reaches the maximum in ………… because of highly turbulent airflow.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBtZWRpdW0tc2l6ZWQgYnJvbmNoaS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……… is the volume of air moved in or out of the respiratory system per minute, usually measured as the volume expired per minute.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRvdGFsIHZlbnRpbGF0aW9uIChtaW51dGUgdmVudGlsYXRpb24pLg==
Cg==Cg==QWx2ZW9sYXIgdmVudGlsYXRpb24gKEwvbWluKSA9ICh0aWRhbCB2b2x1bWUgJiM4MjExOyBkZWFkIHNwYWNlIHZvbHVtZSkgWCBicmVhdGhzL21pbg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. represents any air in the respiratory system that is not exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the pulmonary capillary blood.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlYWQgc3BhY2Uu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. is largest contributor of alveolar dead space (Volume of inspired air that does not take part in gas exchange).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFwZXggb2YgaGVhbHRoeSBsdW5nLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… are favored in diseases that increase elastic resistance (pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary edema, acute respiratory distress syndrome). In contrast, ………… are favored in diseases in diseases that cause high airflow resistance (asthma, COPD) in order to minimize the work of breathing.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJhcGlkIGFuZCBzaGFsbG93IGJyZWF0aHMsIHNsb3cgYW5kIGRlZXAgYnJlYXRocy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. reduces the variation in distending pressure amongst alveoli of varying sizes, preventing the collapse of smaller alveoli and the unchecked expansion of larger ones.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFN1cmZhY3RhbnQu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] On a positive pressure ventilator, tidal volume must be sized appropriately. If tidal volume is inappropriately large, alveolar pressure is excessive at the end of inspiration. This can cause a ………….., often at the lung apex.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNwb250YW5lb3VzIHBuZXVtb3Rob3JheC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Emphysema, often caused by smoking, results in destruction of the alveolar septa and capillaries. This reduces the elastic recoil and (increase or decrease) compliance.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGluY3JlYXNlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Fibrosis has increased collagen fiber deposition, which increases the tissue component of elastic recoil and (increase or decrease) compliance.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The intrapleural pressure at the circled point below equal …….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]ICYjODIxMTsgNSBjbSBIMk8uIEF0IHRoZSBGUkMsIHRoZSB0ZW5kZW5jaWVzIG9mIHRoZSBjaGVzdCB3YWxsIHRvIGV4cGFuZCBhbmQgdGhlIGx1bmcgdG8gY29sbGFwc2Ugb3Bwb3NlIG9uZSBhbm90aGVyLCBjcmVhdGluZyBhIG5lZ2F0aXZlIGludHJhcGxldXJhbCBwcmVzc3VyZSBvZiBhcHByb3hpbWF0ZWx5IC01IGNtIEgyTy4=[Qq]
[q] The graph below depicts a vascular bed where the arterial/arteriolar resistance increases as the blood oxygen content decreases. This sort of hypoxic vasoconstriction occurs in ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBwdWxtb25hcnkgY2lyY3VsYXRpb24u
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is lowest at the ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGZ1bmN0aW9uYWwgcmVzaWR1YWwgY2FwYWNpdHku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] On a positive pressure ventilator, tidal volume must be sized appropriately. If tidal volume is inappropriately large, alveolar pressure is excessive at the end of inspiration. This can cause a ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNwb250YW5lb3VzIHBuZXVtb3Rob3JheC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What causes the change in compliance in curve 1 and 2?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==MS4gRW1waHlzZW1hLCBBZ2luZywgbm9ybWFsIHNhbGluZSBpbiBhbHZlb2xpLg==
Cg==Mi4gUHVsbW9uYXJ5IGZpYnJvc2lzLg==
[Qq] Emphysema, often caused by smoking, results in destruction of the alveolar septa and capillaries. This reduces the elastic recoil and increase compliance.
Fibrosis has increased collagen fiber deposition, which increases the tissue component of elastic recoil and decease compliance.
[q] At the FRC, the tendencies of the chest wall to expand and the lung to collapse oppose one another, creating a negative intrapleural pressure of approximately ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IC01IGNtIEgyTy4=[Qq]
[q] This sort of hypoxic vasoconstriction occurs in ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBwdWxtb25hcnkgY2lyY3VsYXRpb24u[Qq]
[q] Because alveolar and extra-alveolar resistances are increased at high and low lung volumes, respectively, the total PVR takes the shape of a U curve with lowest Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBmdW5jdGlvbmFsIHJlc2lkdWFsIGNhcGFjaXR5Lg==
Cg==74KnIFB1bG1vbmFyeSB2YXNjdWxhciByZXNpc3RhbmNlIChQVlIpIGlzIGNhbGN1bGF0ZWQgYXMgYSBzdW0gb2YgdGhlIGFsdmVvbGFyIGFuZCBleHRyYS1hbHZlb2xhciByZXNpc3RhbmNlcyBhcyB0aGVzZSB2ZXNzZWxzIGxpZSBpbiBzZXJpZXMgd2l0aCBlYWNoIG90aGVyLg==
Cg==[Qq] Because alveolar and extra-alveolar resistances are increased at high and low lung volumes, respectively, the total PVR takes the shape of a U curve.
Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is lowest at the functional residual capacity.
[q] Blood in the left atrium and ventricle has a slightly lower PO2 than blood in the pulmonary capillaries. This is due to ………… and is represented by the downward deflection identified by the arrow?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSBtaXhpbmcgb2YgZGVveHlnZW5hdGVkIGJsb29kIGNvbWVzIGZyb20gdGhlIGJyb25jaGlhbCB2ZWlucyB3aXRoIG94eWdlbmF0ZWQgYmxvb2QgZnJvbSB0aGUgcHVsbW9uYXJ5IHZlaW5zLg==[Qq]
[q] ……… is directly proportional with diffusion Capacity of the lung?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRoZSB0b3RhbCBzdXJmYWNlIGFyZWEgKEEpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……… is inversely proportional with diffusion Capacity of the lung?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRvdGFsIHRoaWNrbmVzcyBvZiB0aGUgbWVtYnJhbmUgKFQpLg==[Qq]
[q] If the gas equilibrates between the capillary and interstitium and to increase its diffusion further, you need to increase their perfusion by increasing blood flow. It is said to be in a …………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBlcmZ1c2lvbi1saW1pdGVkIHNpdHVhdGlvbi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] If the gas does not equilibrate between the capillary and interstitium, it is said to be in a ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRpZmZ1c2lvbi1saW1pdGVkIHNpdHVhdGlvbi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] If the metabolic rate is constant, the only factor affecting alveolar CO2 is ………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGFsdmVvbGFyIHZlbnRpbGF0aW9uLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The majority (70%) of total blood CO2 is carried in the plasma as ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGJpY2FyYm9uYXRlIGlvbiAoSENPMyku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] High RBC chloride content in present in (Arterial or venous) blood.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHZlbm91cyBibG9vZC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] About 25% of the total CO2 is carried as ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGNhcmJhbWlubyBjb21wb3VuZHMu[Qq]
[q] T (taut; deoxygenated) form of hemoglobin has (low or high)
0affinity for O2.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGxvdyAoVGF1dCBpbiBUaXNzdWVzKS4=[Qq]
[q] R (relaxed; oxygenated) form of hemoglobin has (low or high) affinity for O2.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhpZ2ggKFJlbGF4ZWQgaW4gUmVzcGlyYXRvcnkgYXJlYSku[Qq]
[q] In peripheral tissue, ↑ H from tissue metabolism shifts curve to right, unloading O2. This is called ……… effect?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJvaHIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In lungs, oxygenation of Hb promotes dissociation of H from Hb. This shifts equilibrium toward CO2 formation; therefore, CO2 is released from RBCs. This is called ……… effect?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEhhbGRhbmUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Changing of P50 from 26 to 45 means the hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to (Right or left). This favors ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJpZ2h0LiB1bmxvYWRpbmcgb2Ygb3h5Z2VuIHRvIHRoZSB0aXNzdWVzIG92ZXIgbG9hZGluZyBpbiB0aGUgbHVuZy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Changing of P50 from 26 to 10 means the hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to (Right or left). This favors ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExlZnQuIGxvYWRpbmcgb2Ygb3h5Z2VuIGluIHRoZSBsdW5nIG92ZXIgdW5sb2FkaW5nIHRvIHRoZSB0aXNzdWVzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Decrease of oxygen content and oxygen carrying capacity with normal hemoglobin saturation cause the hemoglobin dissociation curve to be shifted (Above or Below). This usually happens due to ……………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJlbG93LiBBbmVtaWEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Increase of oxygen content and oxygen carrying capacity with normal hemoglobin saturation cause the hemoglobin dissociation curve to be shifted (Above or Below). This usually happens due to ……………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFib3ZlLiBQb2x5Y3l0aGVtaWEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………… cause shifting of the hemoglobin dissociation curve to left and below because it increases the hemoglobin affinity of oxygen and bind the first hemoglobin site with 200 times affinity than oxygen.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENhcmJvbiBNb25veGlkZSBQb2lzb25pbmcu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ↑ Cl, H, CO2, 2,3-BPG, and temperature favor (taut or relaxed) form of hemoglobin which shifts dissociation curve to (right or left).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRhdXQsIHJpZ2h0Lg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Fetal Hb (2α and 2γ subunits) has a higher affinity for O2 than adult Hb, driving diffusion of oxygen across the placenta from mother to fetus. ↑ O2 affinity results from …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IOKGkyBhZmZpbml0eSBvZiBIYkYgZm9yIDIsMy1CUEcg4oaSIGRpc3NvY2lhdGlvbiBjdXJ2ZSBpcyBzaGlmdGVkIHRvIHRoZSBsZWZ0Lg==[Qq]
[q] Central Chemoreceptors receptors are very sensitive and represent the main drive for ventilation under normal resting conditions at sea level. The main drive for ventilation is ……… on the central chemoreceptors.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENPMiAoSCku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] When systemic arterial PO2 is close to normal (100 mm Hg) or above normal, there is little if any stimulation of (Central or peripheral) chemoreceptors. They are strongly stimulated only by a dramatic decrease in systemic arterial PO2.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBlcmlwaGVyYWwu[Qq]
[q] Cheyne-Stokes breathing describes cyclic breathing in which apnea is followed by gradually increasing then decreasing tidal volumes until the next apneic period It is commonly seen in the setting of ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGFkdmFuY2VkIGNvbmdlc3RpdmUgaGVhcnQgZmFpbHVyZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Under resting conditions, achieved by simply a relaxation of the muscles of inspiration. Active expiration (and coughing) is produced by the contraction of the abdominal muscles like ………..and ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlY3R1cyBhYmRvbWluYWwsIG9ibGlxdWVzLCBhbmQgdHJhbnN2ZXJzZSBhYmRvbWluYWwuIFRoZSBvYmxpcXVlcyBhcmUgY29uc2lkZXJlZCB0aGUgbWFpbiBtdXNjbGVzIG9mIGV4cGlyYXRpb24gYW5kIGNvdWdoLg==[Qq]
[q] At high altitude, as acute change there is decrease in oxygen content due to ……………… and as adaptation change after a few weeks, there is normalization of oxygen content due to ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGR1ZSB0byBkZWNyZWFzZSBvZiB0aGUgb3h5Z2VuIGRpc3NvbHZlZCBpbiB0aGUgcGxhc21hIGFuZCBkZWNyZWFzZSBpbiBveHlnZW4gc2F0dXJhdGlvbiwgaW5jcmVhc2UgaW4gaGVtb2dsb2JpbiBzYXR1cmF0aW9uIChwb2x5Y3l0aGVtaWEpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] At high altitude, as adaptation change after a few weeks, there is (increase or decrease) in 2,3-BPG.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IOKGkSAyLDMtQlBHIChiaW5kcyB0byBIYiBjYXVzaW5nIHJpZ2h0d2FyZCBzaGlmdCBvZiB0aGUgT0RDIHNvIHRoYXQgSGIgcmVsZWFzZXMgbW9yZSBPMiku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] At high altitude, as acute change there is respiratory (alkalosis or acidosis) due to ……………… and as adaptation change after a few weeks, there is normalization of ph due to ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IGFjaWRvc2lzLCBoeXBlcnZlbnRpbGF0aW9uLCBraWRuZXkgY29tcGVuc2F0aW9uLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] High altitude and hypoventilation are the two causes of hypoxemia that originate from a low alveolar PO2 and both of them have a (Normal or High) A-a gradient. The only difference between them is ………. which decreases in high altitude due to hyperventilation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG5vcm1hbCwgUEFjbzIu[Qq]
[q] ………. is characterized by decreased hemoglobin concentration in the setting of normal SaO2 and PaO2.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFuZW1pYS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… cause hypoxemia with high A-a gradient that can be relieved with supplemental oxygen.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpZmZ1c2lvbiBJbXBhaXJtZW50Lg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Several mechanisms contribute to oxygen-induced hypercapnia, but the major cause is increased ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHZlbnRpbGF0aW9uLXBlcmZ1c2lvbiBtaXNtYXRjaC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… is blood passing through the pulmonary circulation and entering the left heart without changing its chemical composition (without gas exchange). It’s one of the causes of hypoxemia with high A-a gradient and supplemental oxygen doesn’t improve hypoxemia.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFB1bG1vbmFyeSBzaHVudC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Although both ventilation and perfusion increase from apex to base, ………. increases to a greater degree. For this reason, the ventilation/perfusion ratio ………… in the lung from apex to base.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBlcmZ1c2lvbiwgZGVjcmVhc2VzLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The combination of acute onset dyspnea, calf swelling, obesity in a patient with hypoxemia (high A-a gradient) and respiratory alkalosis is suggestive of ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHB1bG1vbmFyeSBlbWJvbGlzbS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Because exercising muscles extract additional O2, the venous blood O2 content is …………? The venous blood CO2 content is ………. due to increased CO2 production. The venous blood pH is …………..? But no change in arterial Pao2 and Paco2 because they are balanced by increases of the cardiac output/skeletal muscle perfusion and ventilation, respectively.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGRlY3JlYXNlZCwgaW5jcmVhc2VkLCBkZWNyZWFzZWQu[Qq]
[q] Treatment of caisson diseases is …………..or ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]wqByZWNvbXByZXNzaW9uIGFuZCBhIHNsb3cgZGVjb21wcmVzc2lvbiBvciBicmVhdGhpbmcgMTAwJSBveHlnZW4u
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
15 years old patient presenting with facial pain, headache that is worse when the patient leans forward, postnasal drainage, and purulent nasal drainage. CT of the face is shown below?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJoaW5vc2ludXNpdGlzLg==
Cg==JiM4MjExOyBNb3N0IGNhc2VzIG9mIHZpcmFsIHJoaW5vc2ludXNpdGlzIHJlc29sdmUgaW4gNy0xMCBkYXlzIHdpdGggbWFuYWdlbWVudCAoYW50aWhpc3RhbWluZXMsIE5TQUlEUywgYW5kIGRlY29uZ2VzdGFudHMgc3VjaCBhcyBvcmFsIHBzZXVkb2VwaGVkcmluZSBvciBveHltZXRhem9saW5lIHNwcmF5cyku[Qq]
[q] If symptoms of Rhinosinusitis persist get worse after symptomatic treatment, antibiotics should be considered. Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae are the most common causes of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Due to increasing beta-lactamase resistance, the treatment of choice is ………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGFtb3hpY2lsbGluLWNsYXZ1bGFuaWMgYWNpZC4=[Qq]
[q] The most common cause of epistaxis is ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERpZ2l0YWwgdHJhdW1hIChub3NlIHBpY2tpbmcpLg==[Qq]
[q] 90-95% of epistaxis are (anterior or posterior). Bleeding source is (venous or arterial) from ………..?. Management is directed at stopping the bleeding from Kiesselbach plexus, preferably by direct compression of the nasal alae. Cautery (silver nitrate) at ……….. may be necessary for persistent bleeding.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFudGVyaW9yLCB2ZW5vdXMsIEtpZXNzZWxiYWNoIHZlbm91cyBwbGV4dXMuIHRoZSBhbnRlcmlvciBuYXNhbCBzZXB0dW0u[Qq]
[q] 5% of epistaxis are (anterior or posterior). Bleeding source is (venous or arterial) from ………..?. These are very dangerous and need packing or balloon.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBvc3RlcmlvciwgYXJ0ZXJpYWwsIHNwaGVub3BhbGF0aW5lIGFydGVyeSwgYSBicmFuY2ggb2YgbWF4aWxsYXJ5IGFydGVyeS4=[Qq]
[q] …………… is a protrusion of edematous, inflamed nasal mucosa. Usually secondary to repeated bouts of rhinitis; also occurs in cystic fibrosis and aspirin -intolerant asthma.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5hc2FsIHBvbHlwcy4=[Qq]
[q] ……….. is a benign tumor of nasal mucosa composed of large blood vessels and fibrous tissue; classically seen in adolescent males and presents with profuse epistaxis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFuZ2lvZmlicm9tYS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
46 years old Asian patient who is immigrated from china presenting with neck mass, epistaxis, headache, and cervical enlargement. Biopsy reveals pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells (poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma) in a background of lymphocytes?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5hc29waGFyeW5nZWFsIGNhcmNpbm9tYS4=[Qq]
[q] Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is usually associated with ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEVCVi4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
10 years old child presenting with acute onset of fever with dysphagia, drooling, respiratory distress and inspiratory stridor. Patient try to hyperextend the neck and maintain a tripod position (upright/forward positioning with neck hyperextension) to improve his respiration. Lateral view xray shows an enlarged epiglottis “thump sign”?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjdXRlIGVwaWdsb3R0aXRpcy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] The first step in management of epiglottitis is to ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNlY3VyZSB0aGUgYWlyd2F5LCB1c3VhbGx5IHZpYSBlbmRvdHJhY2hlYWwgaW50dWJhdGlvbi4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
2 years old patient presenting with respiratory distress, inspiratory stridor, a dry, “barky,” seal-like cough. anteroposterior neck radiographs will reveal subglottic edema known as the “steeple sign” (red arrow)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExhcnluZ290cmFjaGVvYnJvbmNoaXRpcyAoY3JvdXApLg==[Qq]
[q] Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) is most commonly caused by …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHBhcmFpbmZsdWVuemEgdmlydXMgaW5mZWN0aW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] Patients with moderate to severe croup (respiratory distress, stridor at rest) should be treated with corticosteroids and ………, which constricts mucosal arterioles in the upper airway and alters capillary hydrostatic pressure, leading to decreased airway edema and reduced secretions.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG5lYnVsaXplZCBlcGluZXBocmluZS4=[Qq]
[q] ……….. is a bulge that arises on the true vocal cord due to excessive use of vocal cords; usually bilateral and presents with hoarseness; resolves with resting of voice.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFZvY2FsIGNvcmQgbm9kdWxlcyAoc2luZ2VyJiM4MjE3O3Mgbm9kdWxlcyku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. which has affinity for stratified squamous epithelium, can cause warty growths (papillomas) on the true vocal cords, producing hoarseness and possible stridor (upper airway obstruction).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh1bWFuIHBhcGlsbG9tYSB2aXJ1cy4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
32 years old patient presenting with fever, chills, productive cough with rusty sputum, severe respiratory distress, and tachypnea with pleuritic chest. CXR is shown blow. Sputum gram staining and culture is positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExvYmFyIHBuZXVtb25pYS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
32 years old patient presenting with low grade fever, chills, dry cough, and mild respiratory distress. CXR is shown blow. Sputum gram staining and culture is negative?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEludGVyc3RpdGlhbCAoYXR5cGljYWwpIHBuZXVtb25pYS4=[Qq]
[q] The green discoloration of pus or sputum noted during bacterial infections is associated with the release of ………… from neutrophil azurophilic granules.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG15ZWxvcGVyb3hpZGFzZSAoTVBPKS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
40 years old heavy alcoholic presenting with fever, malaise, and cough with copious production of foul-smelling sputum. CXR shows Air-fluid levels in the right lung?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEx1bmcgYWJzY2Vzcy4=[Qq]
[q] ……….. is good empiric coverage for lung abscess.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGNsaW5kYW15Y2luLg==[Qq]
[q] Location of lung abscess as a complication of aspiration pneumonia depends on patient’s position during aspiration:
Upright position —> ……………?
Supine position —-> ……………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGJhc2FsIHNlZ21lbnRzIG9mIHJpZ2h0IGxvd2VyIGxvYmUsIHBvc3RlcmlvciBzZWdtZW50cyBvZiByaWdodCB1cHBlciBsb2JlIG9yIHN1cGVyaW9yIHNlZ21lbnQgb2YgcmlnaHQgbG93ZXIgbG9iZS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] In (Primary or secondry) M. tuberculosis infection, there is a lower lobe lung lesion (Ghon focus) accompanied by ipsilateral hilar adenopathy is described as a Ghon complex.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByaW1hcnku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Later in life (usually following immunosuppression by drugs or HIV) Tuberculosis can be reactivated and establish infection in ………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHRoZSB1cHBlciBsdW5ncyAocGFydGljdWxhcmx5IHRoZSBhcGV4KS4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
42 years old patient presenting with night sweats, cough with hemoptysis, weight loss, and respiratory distress. He was on glucocorticoid the last 6 months due to SLE. Sputum sample is positive for AFB?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlYWN0aXZhdGlvbiBvZiBsYXRlbnQgVEIu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
52 years old female who recently had hip replacement surgery presenting with swelling, redness, warmth, pain in the calf region. Dorsiflexion of foot illicit calf pain. Doppler ultrasound shows decreased blood flow?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERlZXAgdmVub3VzIHRocm9tYm9zaXMu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
46 years old female presenting with Sudden-onset dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, tachypnea. ABG shows respiratory alkalosis. ECG shows sinus tachycardia spiral CT shows is shown below?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFB1bG1vbmFyeSBlbWJvbGlzbS4=[Qq]
[q] ……….. has become the standard of care in terms of diagnostic testing to confirm the presence of a PE.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNwaXJhbCBDVCwgYWxzbyBjYWxsZWQgYSBDVCBhbmdpb2dyYW0u[Qq]
[q] ……… is the answer when the pretest probability of PE is low and you need a simple, noninvasive test to exclude thromboembolic disease.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEQtZGltZXIu[Qq]
[q] …………. are helpful in evaluating pulmonary embolism patients in whom angiography is contraindicated (contrast allergy, renal failure, pregnancy).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFYvUSBzY2Fucy4=[Qq]
[q] The development of the classic triad respiratory distress, diffuse neurological impairment (confusion), and an upper body petechial rash (due to thrombocytopenia) within days of severe long bone fractures is characteristic of the …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGZhdCBlbWJvbGlzbSBzeW5kcm9tZS4=[Qq]
[q] The multiple fat emboli occluding the pulmonary microvasculature of PE patient stain black with ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG9zbWl1bSB0ZXRyb3hpZGUu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……….. is a rare and catastrophic pregnancy complication that results from amniotic fluid entering the maternal circulation → anaphylactoid reaction. Common signs include hypoxia, hypotensive shock, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Fetal squamous cells are seen in the pulmonary vasculature during histologic evaluation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFtbmlvdGljIGZsdWlkIGVtYm9saXNtIChBRkUpLg==[Qq]
[q] …….. are interdigitating areas of pink (platelets, fibrin) and red (RBCs) found only in thrombi formed before death; help distinguish pre- and postmortem thrombi.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExpbmVzIG9mIFphaG4u
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……….. is a chronic productive cough lasting ≥ 3 months (not necessarily consecutive) per year for > 2 consecutive years.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENocm9uaWMgYnJvbmNoaXRpcy4=[Qq]
[q] The leading cause of chronic bronchitis is cigarette ……..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNtb2tpbmcu[Qq]
[q] The major contributor to chronic bronchitis wall thickening is hypertrophy and hyperplasia of submucosal mucous gland, which can be quantified by ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJlaWQgaW5kZXggKHRoZSByYXRpbyBvZiB0aGUgdGhpY2tuZXNzIG9mIHRoZSBtdWNvdXMgZ2xhbmQgbGF5ZXIgdG8gdGhlIHRoaWNrbmVzcyBvZiB0aGUgd2FsbCBiZXR3ZWVuIHRoZSBlcGl0aGVsaXVtIGFuZCB0aGUgY2FydGlsYWdlKS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Centriacinar emphysema is most severe in the (upper or lower) lobes, but panacinar emphysema is most severe in the (upper or lower) lobes
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHVwcGVyLCBsb3dlci4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
46 years old heavy smoker male presenting with dyspnea, wheezes, Productive cough with excessive mucus production, and cyanosis. DLCO is normal?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENocm9uaWMgYnJvbmNoaXRpcy4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
46 years old heavy smoker male presenting with dyspnea, wheezes, and cough with minimal sputum. No cyanosis. DLCO is decreased and airspace enlargement on CT?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENlbnRyaWFjaW5hciBlbXBoeXNlbWEu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
28 years old nonsmoker male presenting with dyspnea, wheezes, and cough with minimal sputum. No cyanosis. DLCO is decreased and airspace enlargement on CT in the lower lobes. The patient also have unexplained liver cirrhosis. Liver Biopsy reveals pink-PAS-positive globules in hepatocytes?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBhbmFjaW5hciBlbXBoeXNlbWEgZHVlIHRvwqBBMS1BVCBkZWZpY2llbmN5Lg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Productive cough, classically with Curschmann spirals (shed epithelium forms whorled mucus plugs) is characteristic for ……?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFzdGhtYS4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] Classic sputum findings of asthmatic patients include eosinophils and ………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENoYXJjb3QtTGV5ZGVuIGNyeXN0YWxzIChlb3Npbm9waGlsaWMsIGhleGFnb25hbCwgZG91YmxlLXBvaW50ZWQsIG5lZWRsZS1saWtlIGNyeXN0YWxzIGZvcm1lZCBmcm9tIGJyZWFrZG93biBvZiBlb3Npbm9waGlscyBpbiBzcHV0dW0pLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
23 years old patient with history of cystic fibrosis presenting with Cough, dyspnea, and foul-smelling sputum. Chest CT shows misshapen dilated bronchi?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJyb25jaGllY3Rhc2lzLg==[Qq]
[q] Morbid obesity may cause restrictive lung pattern in PFT but with (Normal or decreased) DLCO.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG5vcm1hbCBETENPLg==[Qq]
[q] Insidious-onset progressive exertional dyspnea, pulmonary function tests showing a restrictive profile, and surgical biopsy showing extensive interstitial fibrosis together with paraseptal and subpleural cystic airspace enlargement (honeycomb lung) are characteristic of …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGlkaW9wYXRoaWMgcHVsbW9uYXJ5IGZpYnJvc2lzLg==[Qq]
[q] ………… is a drug frequently used for rheumatoid arthritis treatment that can also cause interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1ldGhvdHJleGF0ZS4=[Qq]
[q] Asbestos is a material used with insulating properties that can cause Pneumoconiosis. It usually affects (upper or lower) lobe of the lung.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGxvd2VyLg==
Cg==74KnIEFzYmVzdG9zIGlzIGZyb20gdGhlIHJvb2YgKHdhcyBjb21tb24gaW4gaW5zdWxhdGlvbiksIGJ1dCBhZmZlY3RzIHRoZSBiYXNlIChsb3dlciBsb2Jlcyk=
Cg==[Qq] Silica, beryllium, and coal are from the base (earth), but affect the roof (upper lobes).
[q] Fibrocalcific plaques on the parietal pleura are a hallmark of ………… exposure that typically affect the parietal pleura along the lower lungs and diaphragm.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGFzYmVzdG9zLg==[Qq]
[q] ………… is characterized by progressive pulmonary fibrosis that is most predominant in the lower lobes and by the presence of ferruginous bodies which are golden-brown fusiform rods resembling dumbbells, found in alveolar septum sputum sample, visualized using Prussian blue stain, often obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFzYmVzdG9zaXMu[Qq]
[q] ……….. develops in 25% of heavily exposed asbestos workers and is the most common cause of death in this population.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJyb25jaG9nZW5pYyBjYXJjaW5vbWEgKG1hbGlnbmFudCBuZW9wbGFzbSBhcmlzaW5nIGZyb20gYnJvbmNoaWFsIGVwaXRoZWxpdW0pLg==[Qq]
[q] ……………. is a rare malignancy of the pleura for which asbestos is the only known environmental risk factor. Histopathology shows tumor cells with numerous long, slender microvilli and abundant tonofilaments which stain positive for cytokeratins and may also stain positive for calretinin.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1hbGlnbmFudCBtZXNvdGhlbGlvbWEu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……….. is associated with exposure to aerospace and manufacturing industries. Start as noncaseating granuloma and therefore occasionally responsive to steroids. Affects upper lobes.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJlcnlsbGlvc2lzLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. is associated with prolonged coal dust exposure. Also known as black lung disease. Affects upper lobes.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENvYWwgd29ya2Vyc+KAmSBwbmV1bW9jb25pb3Npcy4=[Qq]
[q] ……….. may disrupt phagolysosomes and impair macrophages, increasing susceptibility to TB. Affects upper lobes and is distinguished by eggshell calcification of hilar nodes and birefringent silica particles surrounded by fibrous tissue.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNpbGljb3Npcy4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
34 years old female farmer presenting with fever, cough, and dyspnea after exposure to pigeon drooping. Lung biopsy shows noncaseating granuloma?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEh5cGVyc2Vuc2l0aXZpdHkgcG5ldW1vbml0aXMu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
23 years old African American female fever, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, cough, chest pain, dyspnea and bilateral hilar adenopathy. There is also elevated serum ACE and hypercalcemia. Lung biopsy shows non-caseating granulomas?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNhcmNvaWRvc2lzLg==[Qq]
[q] In sarcoidosis, …………. consist of aggregates of epithelioid cells (activated macrophages) and multinucleated giant cells consistent with chronic granulomatous inflammation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG5vbi1jYXNlYXRpbmcgZ3JhbnVsb21hcy4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
27 years old patient who was admitted in ICU due to acute pancreatitis presenting now with acute dyspnea and difficulty to take his breath with low oxygen saturation. Chest X-ray shows bilateral lung opacities “White-out”. Decreased Pao2/Fio2 ratio < 300 with Normal pulmonary capillary wedge?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFjdXRlIHJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IGRpc3RyZXNzIHN5bmRyb21lLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
2 Weeks child who was porn prematurely presenting with tachypnea and use of accessory muscles, nasal flaring, and grunting and Hypoxemia with cyanosis. CXR shows Diffuse granularity of the lung (‘ground-glass’ appearance)?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE5lb25hdGFsIHJlc3BpcmF0b3J5IGRpc3RyZXNzIHN5bmRyb21lLg==[Qq]
[q] ………….. is administered to pregnant women at risk of premature delivery (before 34 weeks of gestation) to prevent neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJldGFtZXRoYXNvbmUgb3IgZGV4YW1ldGhhc29uZS4=[Qq]
[q] Long exposure to high oxygen saturation in premature infants may cause retinopathy due to …………….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJldGluYWwgdmVzc2VsIHByb2xpZmVyYXRpb24gKG5lb3Zhc2N1bGFyaXphdGlvbikgYW5kIHBvc3NpYmxlIHJldGluYWwgZGV0YWNobWVudCB3aXRoIGJsaW5kbmVzcyBtYXkgcmVzdWx0Lg==[Qq]
[q] Ingestion of fenfluramine, dexfenfluramine, and phentermine (appetite suppressants) for more than three months’ duration has been associated with the development of ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IHNlY29uZGFyeSBwdWxtb25hcnkgaHlwZXJ0ZW5zaW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] ………. is thought to be due to an inherited (autosomal dominant with variable penetrance) inactivating mutation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) as the first insult, which predisposes patients to pulmonary vascular disease.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByaW1hcnkgcHVsbW9uYXJ5IGh5cGVydGVuc2lvbi4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
35 years old obese male presenting with multiple episodes of cessation of breathing during sleep with excessive daytime sleeping, loud snoring and normal ABG?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9ic3RydWN0aXZlIHNsZWVwIGFwbmVhLg==[Qq]
[q] Anatomical causes of Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by ………… in adults, …………. in children.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGV4Y2VzcyBwYXJhcGhhcnluZ2VhbCB0aXNzdWUsIGFkZW5vdG9uc2lsbGFyIGh5cGVydHJvcGh5Lg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
35 years old obese male presenting with multiple episodes of cessation of breathing during sleep with excessive daytime sleeping, loud snoring and ABG shows respiratory acidosis?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9iZXNpdHkgaHlwb3ZlbnRpbGF0aW9uIHN5bmRyb21lLg==[Qq]
[q] Most common cause of cancer mortality in the US is ………..?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEx1bmcgY2FuY2VyLg==[Qq]
[q] …………. is the most common benign lung tumor contain disorganized islands of mature hyaline cartilage, fat, smooth muscle and clefts lined by respiratory epithelium.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]wqBCcm9uY2hpYWwgaGFtYXJ0b21hLg==[Qq]
[q] ………. is a type of lung cancer arises from neuroendocrine (Kulchitsky) cells and stain for neuroendocrine markers, such as neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM, also known as CD56), neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, and synaptophysin.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNtYWxsIGNlbGwgbHVuZyBjYXJjaW5vbWEu[Qq]
[q] …………… frequently synthesize hormones or hormone-like substances:
– ACTH leading to Cushing syndrome.
– ADH leading to syndrome of inappropnate antidiuretic hormone secretion.
– Antibodies against presynaptic Ca channels (Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome) or neurons (paraneoplastic myelitis, encephalitis, subacute cerebellar degeneration).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNtYWxsIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hcy4=[Qq]
[q] Small cell lung carcinoma is strongly associated with Smoking and is usually (centrally or peripherally) located.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENlbnRlcmFsbHku[Qq]
[q] ………. is the most common primary lung cancer overall, occurring most frequently in women and nonsmokers.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]
[q] …………… arises from the alveolar epithelium and is characterized by invasive cells with abundant cytoplasm and eccentrically placed nuclei that form irregular glandular elements; mucin production is common. often stains mucin ⊕.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………….. arises from the alveolar epithelium and is located at the periphery of the lung. It is considered a preinvasive lesion characterized by growth along Intact alveolar septa without vascular or stromal invasion. The tumor has a tendency to undergo aerogenous spread (along the airways) and can progress to invasive disease if not resected.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFkZW5vY2FyY2lub21hIGluIHNpdHUgKGJyb25jaGlvbG9hbHZlb2xhciBjYXJjaW5vbWEpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. cause hilar mass that is centrally located. Microscopic examination reveals Keratin pearls and intercellular bridges.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNxdWFtb3VzIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. highly anaplastic undifferentiated tumor (no keratin pearls, or intercellular bridges, or glands, or mucin). Microscopic examination reveals Pleomorphic giant cells. Can secrete β-hCG —> Gynecomastia and galactorrhea.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IExhcmdlIGNlbGwgY2FyY2lub21hLg==[Qq]
[q] This chest XRAY in a patient with centrally located lung cancer is due to ……….?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG9ic3RydWN0aXZlIGxlc2lvbiBpbiBhIG1haW5zdGVtIGJyb25jaHVzIGR1ZSB0byBjZW50cmFsIGx1bmcgdHVtb3JzIGNhbiBwcmV2ZW50IHZlbnRpbGF0aW9uIG9mIGFuIGVudGlyZSBsdW5nLCBsZWFkaW5nIHRvIG9ic3RydWN0aXZlIGF0ZWxlY3Rhc2lzIGFuZCBjb21wbGV0ZSBsdW5nIGNvbGxhcHNlLiBDaGFyYWN0ZXJpc3RpYyBmaW5kaW5ncyBvbiBjaGVzdCB4LXJheSBpbmNsdWRlIHVuaWxhdGVyYWwgcHVsbW9uYXJ5IG9wYWNpZmljYXRpb24gYW5kIGRldmlhdGlvbiBvZiB0aGUgbWVkaWFzdGludW0gdG93YXJkIHRoZSBvcGFjaWZpZWQgbHVuZy4=[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
60 years old heavy smoker patient presenting with Cough, hemoptysis, wheezing, unexplained weight loss presenting with severe pain in the shoulder region that radiates toward the axilla and scapula, ipsilateral ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis, hoarseness and edema of the upper extremity?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBhbmNvYXN0IHN5bmRyb21lIChzdXBlcmlvciBzdWxjdXMgdHVtb3IpLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……………. causes symptoms similar to those seen in SVC syndrome, but only on one side of the body.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJyYWNoaW9jZXBoYWxpYyB2ZWluIG9ic3RydWN0aW9uLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
27 years old tall, thin, young male unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, hyperresonance, diminished breath sounds, all on the affected side someone without pre-existing pulmonary disease. CXR is shown below.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByaW1hcnkgc3BvbnRhbmVvdXMgcG5ldW1vdGhvcmF4Lg==[Qq]
[q] …………….. is the most common cause of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFJ1cHR1cmUgb2YgYXBpY2FsIHN1YnBsZXVyYWwgYmxlYnMu[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
27 years old tall, thin, young male unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, hyperresonance, absent breath sounds, all on the affected side after penetrating wound injury. The patient is hypotensive with reflex tachycardia. CXR is shown below.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFRlbnNpb24gcG5ldW1vdGhvcmF4Lg==[Qq]
[q] What is the most likely diagnosis?
27 years old male with unilateral chest pain and dyspnea, ↓ tactile fremitus, dullness with percussion, diminished breath sounds, all on the affected side. Thrococentesis was done and showed high fluid-to-serum ratio of total protein (>0.5) and lactate dehydrogenase (>0.6) . CXR is shown below.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEV4dWRhdGl2ZSBwbGV1cmFsIGVmZnVzaW9uLg==[Qq]
[q] Exudative pleural effusion develop due to ……………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGluZmxhbW1hdGlvbiBhbmQgY29uc2VxdWVudCBpbmNyZWFzZWQgdmFzY3VsYXIgbWVtYnJhbmUgcGVybWVhYmlsaXR5IChtYWxpZ25hbmN5LCBwbmV1bW9uaWEsIGNvbGxhZ2VuIHZhc2N1bGFyIGRpc2Vhc2UsIHRyYXVtYSku
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ……….. are drugs that can be used in treatment of Allergy, motion sickness, sleep aid and cause Sedation (additive with other CNS depressants), antimuscarinic, anti-α-adrenergic as side effects.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEZpcnN0IGdlbmVyYXRpb24gZHJ1Z3MgKERpcGhlbmh5ZHJhbWluZSwgZGltZW5oeWRyaW5hdGUsIGNobG9ycGhlbmlyYW1pbmUuIE5hbWVzIGNvbnRhaW4g4oCcLWVuLy1pbmXigJ0gb3Ig4oCcLWVuLy1hdGUpLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. are drugs that can be used in treatment of Allergy and cause far less sedating than 1st generation because of ↓ entry into CNS.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlY29uZCBnZW5lcmF0aW9uIGRydWdzIChMb3JhdGFkaW5lLCBmZXhvZmVuYWRpbmUsIGRlc2xvcmF0YWRpbmUsIGNldGlyaXppbmUsIG1lY2xpemluZS4gVXN1YWxseSBlbmQgaW4g4oCcLWFkaW5l4oCdKS4=[Qq]
[q] ……… is a mucolytic agent that loosens the thick sputum by cleaving disulfide bonds within mucus glycoproteins. Also used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE4tYWNldHlsY3lzdGVpbmUu[Qq]
[q] ………….. is synthetic codeine analog antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors and is used as antitussive drug. It has mild opioid effect when used in excess.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IERleHRyb21ldGhvcnBoYW4u[Qq]
[q] …………. is α-adrenergic agonists, used as nasal decongestants by reducing hyperemia, edema, nasal congestion; open obstructed eustachian tubes and can cause Hypertension and CNS stimulation/anxiety side effects.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFBzZXVkb2VwaGVkcmluZSwgcGhlbnlsZXBocmluZS4=[Qq]
[q] …………. competitively antagonizes ENdothelin-1 receptors —-> ↓ pulmonary vascular resistance. Associated with vasodilatory side effects (headache, flushing, hypotension) and Hepatotoxicity (monitor LFTs) and contraindicated in pregnancy.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEJvc2VudGFuLg==[Qq]
[q] ……….. inhibits cGMP PDE-5 and prolongs vasodilatory effect of nitric oxide. It can be used in treatment of pulmonary hypertension and erectile dysfunction. Contraindicated when taking nitroglycerin or other nitrates (due to risk of severe hypotension).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNpbGRlbmFmaWwu[Qq]
[q] ………… has direct vasodilatory effects on pulmonary and systemic arterial vascular beds and can be used for treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Can cause flushing, jaw pain as side effects.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFByb3N0YWN5Y2xpbiAoRXBvcHJvc3Rlbm9sLCBpbG9wcm9zdCk=[Qq]
[q] ………… relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by acting as short acting β2-agonist. Used during acute exacerbation.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IEFsYnV0ZXJvbC4=[Qq]
[q] …………… is long-acting β2-agonist and are used for Asthma prophylaxis.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNhbG1ldGVyb2wsIGZvcm1vdGVyb2wu[Qq]
[q] …………. inhibit the formation of inflammatory mediators (cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes) implicated in bronchial asthma, also reduce leukocyte extravasation, induce apoptosis of inflammatory cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils) and are used for both chronic asthma management and during acute exacerbations.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IGNvcnRpY29zdGVyb2lkcyAoRmx1dGljYXNvbmUsIGJ1ZGVzb25pZGUpLg==[Qq]
[q] The most common side effect of inhaled glucocorticoids is …………?
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IG9yb3BoYXJ5bmdlYWwgY2FuZGlkaWFzaXMgYW5kIER5c3Bob25pYS4=
Cg==Cg==JiM4MjExOyBCeSB1c2luZyBhIHNwYWNlciBhbmQgcmluc2luZyBvbmUmIzgyMTc7cyBtb3V0aCBhZnRlciBnbHVjb2NvcnRpY29pZCBpbmhhbGF0aW9uLCBwYXRpZW50cyBjYW4gYXZvaWQgdGhpcyBjb21wbGljYXRpb24u[Qq]
[q] ………….. competitively blocks muscarinic receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction. Can be used for treatment of asthma and COPD.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IElwcmF0cm9waXVtIGFuZCBUaW90cm9waXVtLg==[Qq]
[q] …….. block leukotriene receptors and especially good for aspirin-induced asthma.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1vbnRlbHVrYXN0LCB6YWZpcmx1a2FzdC4=
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………… is a 5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor which blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFppbGV1dG9uLg==
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] …………. binds mostly unbound serum IgE and blocks binding to FcεRI. Used in allergic asthma with ↑ IgE levels resistant to inhaled steroids and long-acting β2-agonists.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE9tYWxpenVtYWIu
Cg==Cg==[Qq][q] ………. cause bronchial dilatation by decreasing phosphodiesterase enzyme activity —-> increasing intracellular cAMP, and also by antagonism of adenosine (a bronchoconstrictor).
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IE1ldGh5bHhhbnRoaW5lcyBsaWtlIHRoZW9waHlsbGluZSBhbmQgYW1pbm9waHlsbGluZS4=[Qq]
[q] …………. and ……….. are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in theophylline intoxication.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IFNlaXp1cmVzIGFuZCBUYWNoeWFycmh5dGhtaWFzLg==[Qq]
[q] …………. are mast cell stabilizing agents. They inhibit mast cell degranulation independent of stimuli present.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]IENyb21vbHluIGFuZCBuZWRvY3JvbWlsLg==[Qq]
[q] ………… prevents eosinophil differentiation, maturation, activation, and survival mediated by IL-5 stimulation. For maintenance therapy in severe eosinophilic asthma.
[c]IFNob3cgbWUgdG hlIGFuc3dlcg==[Qq]
[f]
Cg==JiM4MjExOyBNZXBvbGl6dW1hYiwgcmVzbGl6dW1hYjogYWdhaW5zdCBJTC01Lg==
Cg==[Qq]– Benralizumab: against IL-5 receptor α.
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[/qwiz]